T25. NEUROENDOCRINE INTEGRATION

Question 1

What is neuroendocrine integration?

Answer 1

The nervous and endocrine systems working together to regulate physiological processes.

Question 2

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)?

Answer 2

A set of interactions among the hypothalamus pituitary gland

Question 3

What processes are regulated by the HPA axis?

Answer 3

Stress response digestion

Question 4

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 4

Below the brain, above the pituitary gland.

Question 5

How does the hypothalamus integrate with the limbic system?

Answer 5

Receives inputs from the limbic system affecting hormone secretion based on emotions.

Question 6

What is the function of the hypothalamus in neuroendocrine integration?

Answer 6

Links the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland.

Question 7

What are hypothalamic-releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones?

Answer 7

Hormones that regulate secretion of pituitary hormones.

Question 8

How are RH and IH transported?

Answer 8

Through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

Question 9

What does the hypothalamus regulate through the adenohypophysis?

Answer 9

Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary that control other endocrine glands.

Question 10

What is the function of the hypothalamus in regulating endocrine functions?

Answer 10

Synthesizes and secretes hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion.

Question 11

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 11

Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

Question 12

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Answer 12

Produces and releases hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.

Question 13

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Answer 13

Releases hormones produced by hypothalamic neurons.

Question 14

What is the role of the adenohypophysis in the HPA axis?

Answer 14

Produces hormones like TSH GH

Question 15

What are trophic hormones?

Answer 15

Hormones that stimulate hormone secretion in other glands.

Question 16

What hormones are produced by the adenohypophysis?

Answer 16

TSH GH

Question 17

How is the adenohypophysis controlled?

Answer 17

By the hypothalamus brain centers

Question 18

What is the role of negative feedback in pituitary hormone regulation?

Answer 18

Prevents excess hormone release by inhibiting further secretion.

Question 19

How does cold weather affect the adenohypophysis?

Answer 19

TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release helping to generate body heat.

Question 20

What is the neurohypophysis and its function?

Answer 20

Stores and releases ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamic neurons.

Question 21

What is the role of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract in the neurohypophysis?

Answer 21

Transports ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.

Question 22

What triggers the release of ADH and oxytocin?

Answer 22

Neuroendocrine reflexes.

Question 23

What is ADH (vasopressin) and its function?

Answer 23

Promotes water retention in the kidneys and vasoconstriction.

Question 24

How does ADH increase water retention?

Answer 24

Binding to receptors triggers aquaporin translocation to the cell membrane.

Question 25

What stimulates ADH secretion?

Answer 25

Signals from osmoreceptors and baroreceptors.

Question 26

What are the physiological effects of ADH?

Answer 26

Increases water retention and raises blood pressure via vasoconstriction.

Question 27

What is oxytocin and its function?

Answer 27

Stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions.

Question 28

How is oxytocin secretion triggered?

Answer 28

By sensory stimuli like suckling or emotional responses.

Question 29

What are the effects of emotional stress on oxytocin secretion?

Answer 29

Can disrupt gonadotropin secretion affecting ovulation and fertility.

Question 30

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 30

On the roof of the third ventricle in the brain.

Question 31

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 31

Melatonin derived from serotonin.

Question 32

How is melatonin production regulated?

Answer 32

By the suprachiasmatic nucleus stimulated by darkness.

Question 33

What role does the pineal gland play in the body’s circadian rhythm?

Answer 33

Regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal reproductive behavior.

Question 34

How does melatonin affect gonadotropin secretion?

Answer 34

High levels inhibit the GnRH/gonadotropin axis in some species.

Question 35

What are the effects of pineal gland tumors?

Answer 35

Excessive hormone secretion or pressure-induced dysfunction.