Task 7

Question 1

Homeostasis

Alterations to it cause what?

Answer 1

Active proccesss of maintaining a psychological parameter relatively constant.
Causes motivation

Question 2

Obligatory losses

Answer 2

require us to gain and conserve heat, water, and food constantly because we involntarily loose energy, water , or temperature as a consequence of life processes.

Question 3

Ingestive behavior

Answer 3

Eating or drinking

Question 4

System variable

Answer 4

A variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism, for exapmle temperature in a heating syste.m

Question 5

set point

Answer 5

The optimal value of the system variable in a regulatory mechanism.

Question 6

Detector

Answer 6

In a regulatory proccess, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the syste variable.

Question 7

Correctional mechanism

Answer 7

In a regulatory proccess, the mechanism that is capable of changing the value of the system variable.

Question 8

Negative feedback

Answer 8

A proccess whereby the effect produced by an action servers to diminish or terminate that action; a characteristis of regulatory systems

Question 9

Satiety mechanims

Answer 9

A brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by an adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water.

Question 10

intracellular compartment

Answer 10

Fluid that exists within the cells

Question 11

EXtracellular compartment

Answer 11

Fluid that exists outside the cells, acts as a buffer and as an indicator of condiitions in the intracellular compartment( it constantly controls if we need water).

Question 12

Interstitial fluid

Answer 12

Fluid between the cells

Question 13

Blood plasma

Answer 13

the protein rich fluid that carries red and white blood cells

Question 14

Aquaporins

Answer 14

Channels in the cell membranes tht are specialized for conducting water molecules into or out of the cell ( a single channel can conduct over 3 billion molecules of water per second).

Question 15

Intravascular fluid

Answer 15

The fluid found within the blood vessels.

Question 16

Hypovolemia

Answer 16

Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.

Question 17

What are the two forces that describe the movement so fwater

Answer 17

Diffusion and Osmosis

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

Molecules of a substance(like salt) dissolve in a quantity of another substance(water) will passively sprezad through the substance(water) because of he random movement sof the molecules until they are more or less uniformly distributed throughout the glass.

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

Movement of water molecules that occurs when a semimpermeable membrane separates solutions containing differenct concentrations of solute, and the solute ccannot spread itself evenly across both sides (like membrane blocks the passage of salt)

Question 20

Osmotic pressure

Answer 20

Physical force that pushes or pulls water across the membrane

Question 21

Osmolality

Answer 21

Number of solute particles per unit volume of solvent

Question 22

Osmotic thirst

Answer 22

High extracellular concentration of solute like sal t, trigered by increased saltiness of the extracellular fluid

Question 23

osmosensory neurons

Answer 23

specialized neuron that measures the movemen tof water into nd out of the cells because theya re stretchy( they easily shrink and stretch). Theyre found in several regions of the hypothalamus, including the preoptic are, anterior hypothalamus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.

Question 24

Osmoreceptor

Answer 24

A neuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it

Question 25

Median preoptic nucleus

Answer 25

A small nucleus situated around the decussation of the anterior commissure; plays a role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin.

Question 26

Hypovolemic(volumetric) thirst

Answer 26

Low extracellular volume due to the loss of body fluids (loss of water volume). Thirst produced by hypovolemia. Caused by blood loss, vomit and diarrhoea.

Question 27

HYpovolemia

Answer 27

Low volume,of the extracellular fluid because normal everyday losses cause moderate decreases in the extracellular fluid.

Question 28

Low fluid volume equals whta?

Answer 28

No working blood vessels( they cant strethch and theyre not full as usual).

Question 29

Baroreceptor

Answer 29

Pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a fall in blood pressure.

Question 30

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 30

A hormone, secreted by the heart tha normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking -, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys.

Question 31

aldosterone

Answer 31

an adrenal steroid that promotes conservation of sodium by the kidneys

Question 32

vasopressin (or antidiuretic hormone ADH)

Answer 32

a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary gland that promotes the reduction of water flow to the bladder(before the urethra)

Question 33

angiotensin II ( keep reading in ipad)

Answer 33

substance that may play a role in the control of thirst, controls blood vessels and increases blood pressure. It also triggers the release of two different hormones that affect fluid balance: Aldosterone Vasopresin

Question 34

Nutrient

Answer 34

A chemical that is needed from growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy

Question 35

Digestion

Answer 35

The proccess of breaking down the ingested food

Question 36

trophic factors

Answer 36

A substance that promotes cell growth and survival

Question 37

What is glucose

Answer 37

A sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy

Question 38

Glycogen

Answer 38

A complex carbohydrate derived from glucose

Question 39

Glycigenesis

Answer 39

The physiological proccess by which glycogen is produced

Question 40

Glycogenlysis

Answer 40

the cnversion of glycogen back into glucoses triggered when blood concentrationns of glucose drop too low.

Question 41

Glucose transporter

Answer 41

A molecule that conducts glucose molecules through the external membrane of a cell for use inside

Question 42

Gluco privation

Answer 42

A dramatic fall in the level of glucos available to cells; can be caused by a fal in the blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.

Question 43

Insulin

Answer 43

lower blood glucose, it is a hormone, released by beta cell sin th eislets of langerhans(pancreas)

Question 44

Mechanisms i th ebody that after injecting insulin release insulin

Answer 44

``` Cephalic phase(fasting phase) Digestive phase(fasting phase) Absortive phase ```

Question 45

Cephalic phase

Answer 45

or fasting phase... | sensory stimuli from food

Question 46

DIgestive phase

Answer 46

food entering th estomach and intrstines causes them to release gut hormones, some which stimulate the pancreas to release insulin

Question 47

Absorptive phase

Answer 47

Gludetectors detect the glucose entering the bloodstream and signal the pancreas to release insulin.

Question 48

GLUCODETECTOR

Answer 48

A cell tha detects and informs the nervous system about the levels of circulating glucose

Question 49

How do glucodetectors travel through the liver?

Answer 49

Vagus nerve | Nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 50

Vagus nerve

Answer 50

Cranial nerve X, which regulates the viscera(organs) and transmits signals from the viscera to the brain.

Question 51

Nucleus of the solitary tarct (NST)

Answer 51

A brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information via several cranial nerves.