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Flashcards in Taxonomy Deck (65)
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1
Q

Viruses

A

(virion)- consists of nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. smaller than bacteria. Not living- classified separately, based on common characteristics:

2
Q

Capsid make up

A

proteins called capsomeres- determines shape of virus.

3
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that affects bacteria;

4
Q

cell makeup of viruses

A

acellular and cannot independently perform metabolic activities

5
Q

virus reproduction

A

Can reproduce but only within other cells- takes over the cell’s genetic information

6
Q

Virus nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid=DNA or RNA but not both. DNA–single or double stranded.

7
Q

virus classification

A

type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA…see recording). presence/absence of capsid

8
Q

virus origin

A

Virus came from bits of nucleic acids that “escaped” from cellular organisms (transposons or plasmids) in plants, animals, or bacteria

plant virus can only infect plant

9
Q

Lytic cycle-

A

type of virus reproductive cycle. lyses or destroys host cell. Viruses that only have lytic cycles are virulent

10
Q

Attachment or absorption

A

viruses attach to receptors on host cell wall or cell membrane

11
Q

Penetration-

A

nucleic acid moves from virus into cytoplasm of host cell

12
Q

Replication and synthesis

A

virus degrades host cell nucleic acid and uses host cell to synthesize necessary components for its replication

13
Q

Assembly

A

newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new viruses

14
Q

Release

A

new viruses are released from cell. Lytic enzymes produced by phage destroys host’s plasma membrane

15
Q

Steps of lytic cycle

A

Attachment or absorption, penetration, Replication and synthesis, Assembly, Release

16
Q

Temperate viruses

A

do not always destroy their hosts. They have lysogenic cycle in which the virus become integrated into the hosts

17
Q

Temperate viruses details

A

This virus replicates when the host cell replicates. Certain external conditions can cause them to revert to a lytic cycle, or they may remain repressed indefinitely.

18
Q

Viruses that infect animal cells

A

May have DNA–DNA from virus integrates into DNA of the host cell
May have RNA–in some, used as mRNA in the host cell

19
Q

retroviruses

A

infect animal cells; Reverse transcriptase produces DNA from the RNA, which then becomes integrated into the host DNA, which is used to make RNA again (HIV is ex)

20
Q

Viruses that infect plant cells

A

Because plants have thick cell walls, viruses cannot penetrate plant cells unless they are damaged. Once enters- spreads through plant via plasmodemata. Most RNA viruses
Symptoms: reduced plant size, spots or streaks on leaves, flowers or fruits

21
Q

Viroid-

A

smaller than a virus, has no protective protein coat, Consists of short strand of RNA; Cause plant disease

22
Q

Prion

A

“proteinaceous infectious particle”- animals have a gene that codes for this prion (208 amino acids)- normally harmless. But it can convert to a different shape and cause disease

23
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

infects tobacco plants

24
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-

A

“mad cow disease”- prion. cattle became infected when ate feed containing infected brains and organs from sheep

25
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)-

A

prion. group of fatal degenerative brain diseases- when animals are infected, brain appears to develop holes and become sponge- like

26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no nucleus or organelles except for ribosomes; have single chromosome and some have plasmids; Cells walls contain peptidoglycans; Some contain flagella or capsule around the cell wall for added protection against phagocytosis; many have pilli

27
Q

peptidoglycans

A

polysaccharides with polypeptides

28
Q

pilli

A

hair-like appendages that help in adherence

29
Q

flagella prokaryotes

A

consists of flagellin (single filament), not tubulin in 9 + 2 like in eukaryotes

30
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission, budding

31
Q

Binary fission-

A

one cell divides into two equal sized cells

32
Q

Budding

A

cell develops small bud that matures and separates from the mother

33
Q

Genetic variation in prokaryotes can be introduced by

A

Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation

34
Q

Transformation-

A

bacteria absorbs DNA from its surroundings

35
Q

Transduction-

A

new DNA is introduced into bacteria through a virus

36
Q

Conjugation-

A

DNA exchange between two bacteria cells. Donor bacteria produced tube, or pilus that connects to the recipient cell Donor’s chromosomes can be sent, allowing recombination w the recipient

37
Q

How are prokaryotes organized?

A

organized by mode of nutrition (chemo/photoautotroph/Heterotrophs–parasites/saprophytes) or by O2 presence

38
Q

saprophytes

A

decomposers

39
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

need O2

40
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

cannot be in presence of O2

41
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

grow in oxygen but can switch to anaerobic conditions

42
Q

Archeabacteria

A

Cell walls lack peptidoglycans; similar ribosomes to eukaryotes; Different lipids in plasma membranes as compared to eubacteria; 3 groups

43
Q

3 groups Archeabacteria

A

Methanogens produce methane gas
o Extreme halophiles live in high salt conc
o Thermoacidophile hot and acidic environments

44
Q

Eubacteria

A

Mostly decomposers; Reside in human body (700 trillion) and can be beneficial;

45
Q

protists

A

This kingdom is unique in that the organisms that are grouped here are
extremely diverse- grouping them together in the Protist kingdom is
done for sake of convenience. Ex- organisms may be algaelike, animallike, funguslike,
unicellular, or multicellular

46
Q

FUNGI

A

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell walls with chitin, filamentous inside, Mold or yeasts, Reproduction by spores,

47
Q

PLANTS

A

Eukaryotic, Autotrophs

  • Cell walls with cellulose
  • Terrestrial
  • Have alternation of generation
  • All have protected embryos
48
Q

alternation of generation

A

o Spend part of lives in multicellular haploid stage and part in
multicellular diploid stage

49
Q

ANIMALS

A
Multicellular eukaryotes
- Heterotrophic
Diploid generation is dominant
- Most are motile at some point in life
Most undergo a period of embryonic development during which 2 – 3 layers of tissue form
50
Q

Eumetazoa

A

animals cells organized into tissues

51
Q

Parazoa

A

animals no organs/tissues

52
Q

Diploblastic

A

eumetazoa embryo w 2 cell layers

53
Q

Triploblastic

A

eumetazoa embryo w 3 cell layers

54
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer Triploblastic outer covering of the body and nervous tissue

55
Q

Mesoderm

A

Triploblastic middle layer- gives rise to muscles, skeleton, circulatory system

56
Q

Endoderm-

A

Triploblastic inner layer- gives rise to digestive tube

57
Q

Body symmetry

A

Radial symmetry- circular body pattern (body has form of
wheel), only have front and back/ top and bottom

o Bilateral symmetry- can be divided through one plane to
produce right and left halves of the body

58
Q

Cephalization-

A

In animals with bilateral symmetry, the anterior end

has increasing tissue (ex- formation of brain) as organism increases in complexity

59
Q

Gastrovascular cavity-

A

“gut” area where food is digested, One-two openings

60
Q

Coelom

A

fluid filled space between body wall and digestive tissue that cushions internal organs

61
Q

Acoelomate

A

animals lack a coelom

62
Q

Pseudocoelemate

A

animals that have a cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm tissue

63
Q

Coelomate

A

animals with a true coelom lined completely by

mesoderm, producing a tube within a tube body plan

64
Q

Segmentation

A

Many have body parts that are the same but repeat or modified to perform special functions

65
Q

Protostomes/Deuterostomes

A

Animals with coelom are divided into two groups:
 Protostomes- include mollusks, annelids, arthropods
 Deuterostomes- include echinoderms and chordates

Differ in pattern of cleavage- cell divisions that take place in the early development of the zygote and differentiation of archenteron first infolding from the blastula (ball of stem cells)