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Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals > Taxonomy And Systematics > Flashcards

Taxonomy And Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

Order of taxonomy groups

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies

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2
Q

Why is there ambiguity associated with common names

A

Different species have different names depending geographical location

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3
Q

How to write the nomenclature

A

Italics
Capital letter for genus
Lower case letter for species

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4
Q

What is a subspecies

A

Associated with geographical isolation of populations of a species

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5
Q

Definition of taxonomy

A

Naming of species typically associated with the original description of species

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6
Q

Definition of nomenclature

A

Assignment of a distinctive name to a species

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7
Q

Definition of taxon/clade

A

Any grouping of a species that share a particular set of characteristics

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8
Q

How are domains organised

A

Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA suggests 3 evolutionary lineages

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9
Q

3 domains

A

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya

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10
Q

What suggests the kingdoms

A

Cellular organisation

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11
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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12
Q

Number of phyla in animalia

A

26

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13
Q

What is a species name made of

A

A capitalised genus name
Un-capitalised species name

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14
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments

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15
Q

Systematics

A

The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationship between them

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16
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria - prokaryotic organisms

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17
Q

Eukarya

A

All eukaryotic organisms

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18
Q

Monera

A

Prokaryotic bacteria
Cyanobacteria

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19
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic single-celled organisms

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20
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Multi-celled organisms that have non-motile cells
Digest organic material extracellularly and absorb breakdown products

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21
Q

Plantae

A

Multi-celled organisms
Eukaryotic
Photosynthetic
Non-motile cells

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22
Q

Animalia

A

Eukaryotic
Multi-cellular organisms
Ingest other organisms
Motile cells

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23
Q

4 eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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24
Q

Main techniques for determining the degree of relatedness of 2 speices

A

Anatomical
Molecular (genetics)

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25
How are genes sequenced
Nuclear Mitochondria (maternal lineages) Ribosomal RNA
26
Monophyletic group
Has a single ancestral species and all of its ancestors
27
Polyphyletic group
Has species that can be traced back to several ancestral species
28
Paraphyletic group
Has some but not all species in a lineage
29
Paraphyletic group
Has some but not all species in a lineage
30
Homologies
Resemblance that result from common ancestor
31
Analogies
Resemblances that result in different species under same evolutionary pressure- convergent evolution
32
What evolutionary systematic is used in taxonomy
Homologies
33
Which phylogenetic system is gold standard
Monophyletic group
34
Homology
Organ of one species has the same developmental origin in another species but has a different function in the adult Basis of comparative anatomy Implies relationship
35
Analogous
Organ of one species has the same function as another unrelated species Implies adaptation to similar conditions
36
Numerical taxonomy
Developed to make taxonomy more quantitative Uses mathematical models to group sample of organisms based on their similarities No distinction between homology and analogy Limit discussion of evolutionary relationships to closely related species Computer programs developed
37
Cladistics
Development of evolutionary relationships within monophyletic groups Methods generate hypotheses Recognise distinction between homology and analogy
38
Ancestral characters
Old homologies
39
Symplesiomorphies
Common characters
40
Derived characters
Characters that have arisen since common ancestry with the outgroup
41
Synapomorphies
Derived characters shared by members of the study group
42
Clade
Presence of a shared derived character provides evidence that the taxa form a related subset
43
Cladogram
Hypothetical lineage Depicts a sequence in the origin of derived characters Hierarchy of relatedness
44
Asymmetry
Absence of a central point or axis around which the body parts are arranged Eg simple organisms - sponges
45
Radial symmetry
One point of reference at the end of the animal that has the mouth and the other is the opposite point of the animal Eg sea anemone
46
Bilateral symmetry
Arrangement of body parts divides an animal into left and right mirror images Eg lizard
47
Cephalisation
Movement of an animal in one direction leads to sensory organs at one end
48
Unicellular organisation
Organisms exist as single cells or aggregates of single cells
49
Diploblastic organism
Simplest level of tissue organisation 2 layers- ectoderm and endoderm Cell types act independently of each other
50
Triploblastic organism
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
51
What does the mesoderm give rise to
Connective, supportive and blood cells
52
Acoleomate
No gap between endoderm and mesoderm Platyhelminthes
53
Pseudocoelomate
Body cavity between endoderm and mesoderm Nematoda
54
Coelomate
Body cavity within mesoderm Annelida
55
Protostomes
The blastopore develops at the oral end of the animal- becomes the mouth
56
What do the majority of coelomate invertebrates develop as
Protostomes
57
Deuterostomes
Blastopore becomes the anus
58
What develops as deuterostomes
Echinoderms Chordates
59
How can embryonic development define subsequent development
Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo
60
How can embryonic development define subsequent development
Fate of the blastopore - first opening in the early development of the embryo
61
What has been used to define domains
Ribosomal RNA
62
How are subspecies normally defined
On morphological differences associated with geographical isolation
63
What is characteristic of species in a monophyletic group?
They can be traced back to a single ancestral species
64
In terms of gut formation how do protostomes and deuterostomes differ?
In protostomes the mouth forms from the blastopore whereas in deuterostomes the anus forms from the blastopore
65
What is the difference between taxonomy and systematics?
Taxonomy is the naming of species systematics is the study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them

Comparative Anatomy And Physiology Of Animals (17 decks)

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