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PHTH 521 > TBI > Flashcards

TBI Flashcards

1
Q

______ = change in brain function due to external force

A

TBI

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2
Q

____ is the leading cause of death in people under than 45 y/o in Canada

A

TBI

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3
Q

MVA’s account for __% of the severe TBI;s in adults and ___% in children

A

60;92

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4
Q

_____ TBI = meninges not breaded and does not require hitting head

A

closed

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5
Q

_____ TBI = meninges breathed, exposes brain or laceration

A

open

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6
Q

What are 6 mechanisms of injury in TBI?

A
  1. coup
  2. contre-coup
  3. bruising
  4. axonal tearing
  5. shearing
  6. anoxia injury
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7
Q

What are 6 mechanism that occur in coup and contre-coup injury?

A
  1. primary mechanical injury
  2. secondary mechanical injury
  3. ischemia
  4. edema
  5. shearing forces
  6. torsion forces
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8
Q

Why is shaken baby syndrome so traumatic to childrens brains?

A

bc they lack the neck muscles to stabilize their head

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9
Q

Being in close approximation to an explosion can cause ____ syndrome.

A

blast

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10
Q

_______ injury = damage caused at time of impact, can be local or diffuse

A

primary

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11
Q

In a primary brain injury, the diffuse axonal injury is due to both _______ and ______ forces.

A

shearing; deceleration

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12
Q

______ ______ _____ = shearing of the brains long connecting nerve fibres (axons)

A

diffuse axonal injury

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13
Q

DAI occurs when the brain is injured as it ____ and _____ inside the bony skull

A

shifts; rotates

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14
Q

DAI usually causes ____ and injury to many different parts of the brain.

A

coma

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15
Q

Changes in DAI can be detected by CT and MRI scans. (T/F)

A

FALSE; often microscopic

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16
Q

__________ injury is related to trauma

A

secondary

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17
Q

Auto-regulation of cerebral blood flow may be lost after head injury, leading to ____ systemic BP.

A

low

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18
Q

Raised _____ _____ _____ is serious and often fatal.

A

inter-cranial pressure

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19
Q

If the underlying cause of raised ____ is treatable the outlook generally looks better for pt’s.

A

ICP

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20
Q

Post-traumatic ________ occurs in 2-5% of TBI and is more common with severe or penetrating injuries.

A

epilepsy

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21
Q

Most seizures due to TBI occur immediately after the injury or within the ____ year.

A

first

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22
Q

Post-traumatic epilepsy may surface years later (T/F).

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Second point were seizure disorder emerges is __-__ months post injury.

A

9-12

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24
Q

______ = altered state of consciousness that may be very deep (unconsciousness) so that no amount of stimulation will cause the pt to respond.

A

coma

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25
_____ can be a state of reduced consciousness, so that the pt may move about or respond to pain.
coma
26
The depth of the coma and the time a pt spends in a coma varies greatly depending on the ________ and ______ of the brain injury.
location; severity
27
What are the 3 categories of the glasgow coma score?
1. eye opening 2. verbal response 3. motor response
28
Is a higher or lower score on the glasgow coma scale more favourable?
higher
29
How do you score the glasgow coma scale?
add the 3 category scores together
30
What is mild for the glasgow coma scale?
13-15
31
What is moderate for the glasgow coma scale?
9-12
32
What is severe for the glasgow coma scale?
<8
33
Extension posturing?
decerebrate rigidity
34
Abnormal flexion?
decorticate
35
Is decerebrate or decorticate positioning worse?
decerebrate
36
Is lower or higher worse in the Rancho levels of Cognition?
Lower
37
___ - ___ % of pt's with severe head injury have C spine injury
5-10
38
Patients with GCS less than __ require early intubation.
8
39
What is the full assessment of of acute head injuries?
1. GCS 2. pulse, BP 3. assessment of pupil diameter and response 4. assessment of limb movement
40
What are the 8 deficit categories seen in TBI?
1. cognitive 2. motor 3. sensory 4. communication 5. functional 6. social 7. regulatory 8. personality
41
What are the 5 outcomes int he Glasgow Scale?
1. good recovery 2. moderate disability 3. severe disability 4. vegetative state 5. dead
42
The treatment for TBI takes an average of __-__ months.
3-6
43
Recovery may take place for ____ following an injury.
years
44
What are the two factors influencing the nature of the acquired brain injury?
1. unilateral vs. bilateral/brainstem | 2. extent of brain damage
45
What are the 4 factors influencing outcome?
1. Nature of acquired brain injury 2. premorbid health 3. family support 4. age
46
Rehabilitation begins during the ____ treatment phase.
acute
47
Goal of ______: to help the patient return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall QOL - physically, emotionally and socially.
rehabilitation
48
What 5 things does the success of rehabilitation depend on?
1. nature and severity of brain injury 2. type and degree of resulting impairments 3. overall health/age 4. maximizing pt's capabilities at home/community 5. positive reinforcement promotes self-esteem/independence
49
concussion = ____ TBI
mild
50
Grade __ concussion: does not lose consciousness, dazed
1
51
Grade __ concussion: does not lost consciousness, period of confusion, does not recall event
2
52
Grade __ concussion: classic concussion, loses consciousness for a brief period of time
3
53
Grade 3 concussion = __ memory of the event, requires evaluation ASAP
no
54
What are the 5 post concussion syndrome symptoms?
1. persistent headaches 2. dizziness 3. irritability 4. memory changes 5. vision changes
55
Symptoms may begin _____ or even _____ after the initial injury.
weeks; months
56
Seriously increased risk if _____ concussion before symptoms of initial one has resolved.
second
57
_____ tissue damage associated with concussion.
subtle
58
_______ may provoke or increase post-concussion symptoms if done too leary,
exertion
59
Patients in strict _____ condition experience higher total symptoms.
rest
60
What 3 things may aerobic exercise improve in concussion?
1. reduced cognitive impairment 2. facilitate neuroplasticity 3. improve learning outcomes
61
_____ _____ _____ is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in athletes (and others) with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well asymptomtic subconcussive hits to the head
CTE
62
Neuropathological hallmark of CTE = ____ deposits
tau

PHTH 521 (9 decks)

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