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Geography > Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories for natural hazards?

A

Atmospheric (hurricane), geological (earthquake), hydrological (flood), biological (forest fire)

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2
Q

What factors affect a hazard risk?

A

Population density
Time
Natural factors
Frequency
Magnitude
Level of development

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the earth?

A

Crust: 6- 64km thick
Mantle: around 2900km thick, semiliquid
Outer core: 2000km thick, liquid
Inner core: 2740km thick, solid

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4
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

Convection currents: hot rock rises, heated by the core. Spreads near the surface, cools and the cooler rock sinks. This drags and pulls the tectonic plates apart and together.

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5
Q

Continental vs oceanic crust

A

Continental is thicker, older, less dense, can sink and can’t be created or destroyed.
Oceanic is thinner, younger, denser, sinks and can be created or destroyed

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6
Q

Where does tectonic activity occur?

A

Mostly around pacific plate. Found along plate boundaries.

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7
Q

Describe a destructive plate boundary

A

Oceanic crust moves towards continental crust. As it is denser it is forced under, the friction heats the crust and forms magma. This tries to rise and when it succeeds it forms volcanoes. The friction is also released as earthquakes

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8
Q

Describe a constructive plate boundary

A

2 plates pull apart. This allows lava to escape and forms new oceanic crust. The earthquakes and volcanoes are gentle.

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9
Q

Describe a collision plate boundary.

A

2 continental plates move towards each other. Since it cannot be destroyed or sink they buckle and form fold mountains.

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10
Q

Describe what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A

2 plates move along side each other at slightly different angles or at different speeds. It sticks and pressure builds. This is released as severe earthquakes.

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11
Q

What is Nepals GNI per capita?

A

$2600

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12
Q

What is the capital city of Nepal?

A

Kathmandu

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13
Q

Define an earthquake

A

A sudden and violent movement or fracture within the earths crust followed by a series of aftershocks

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14
Q

What is the difference between the focus and epicentre?

A

Focus is where the rocks break in the crust. Epicentre is the point on the earths surface above the focus.

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15
Q

What 2 scales could you use to measure an earthquake?

A

Richter: measures magnitude
Mercalli: people’s observations and damage caused

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16
Q

What was the death toll of Gorkha earthquake?

A

8500

17
Q

How many were left homeless by Gorkha?

A

3,000,000

18
Q

How many homes collapsed in Gorkha?

A

500,000

19
Q

What were some short and long term responses to Gorkha?

A

Short: people with injuries rescued, 200 climbers rescued, triage
Long: temporary homes, rebuild homes

20
Q

What was Laquilas magnitude?

A

6.3

21
Q

What was Gorkha on the Richter scale?

A

7.8

22
Q

How many were left homeless in Laquila?

A

60,000

23
Q

How many died in Laquila?

A

308

24
Q

What were some short and long term responses to Laquila?

A

Short: temporary housing (30,000), 180 tent cities, water hot meals and tents distributed
Long: 6 scientists convicted of manslaughter, free transport and exemption from uni fees for 3 years

25
Q

Why do some people live in hazardous areas?

A

Too poor, fertile soils, sacred, family links, tourism, mining, don’t care, geothermal energy

26
Q

Geothermal energy provides heat and hot water for X% of buildings in Iceland

A

90

27
Q

How is Icelands energy produced?

A

25% is geothermal, the rest is hydroelectric

28
Q

What are the 4 methods to reduce the risk from tectonic hazards?

A

Monitoring- helps forecast
Prediction- attempt to forecast
Planning- respond and recover to natural disasters
Protection- actions taken before hazards strike to reduce its impact

29
Q

How does monitoring work for volcanoes?

A

Steam eruptions, side of volcano swells, more earthquakes, snow melts

30
Q

How does planning work for volcanoes

A

Look at previous ash patterns, look at wind and velocity.

31
Q

How does prediction work for volcanoes?

A

Constant monitoring, exact time and date can’t be predicted

32
Q

How does protection work for volcanoes?

A

Evacuation, lava diverted into channels

33
Q

How does planning work for earthquakes?

A

Maps can be used to identify areas of high risk

34
Q

How does protection work for earthquakes?

A

Construct buildings that can resist the ground shaking, regular earthquake drills

Geography (16 decks)

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