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MICROBIO > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of microorganisms and their activity

A

microbio

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2
Q

what kinds of organisms are the majority of micro

A

unicellular

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3
Q

what kind of organism are fungi and some protozoa

A

multicellular

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4
Q

true or false: bacteria and viruses are unicellular

A

true

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5
Q

what are the 3 major aspects of microorganisms

A

movement
reproduction
mutation

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6
Q

what breaks down food in microorganisms

A

enzymes

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7
Q

what does food turn into once it is broken down in microorganisms

A

ATP

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8
Q

def? organisms show a rxn to environment

A

irritation

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9
Q

describe a beneficial relationship

A

benefits us

we cannot survive w/o them

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10
Q

describe a commensalist relationship

A

use us w/o harming us

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11
Q

in what part of your body would you find a commensalist relationship

A

oral cavity

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12
Q

describe a parasitic relationship

A

use us and bother us

causes problems

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13
Q

describe a opportunist relationship

A

commensal

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14
Q

what would happen to an immunocompromised pt that has a opportunist relationship

A

it can become parasitic

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15
Q

organism that does not have a distinct nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

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16
Q

organism that has at least 1 distinct nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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17
Q

not a cell; no cytoplast mmb, no cytoplasm

A

non-cellular

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18
Q

what kind of Metabolic activity breaks large molecule to small molecule using enzymes

A

Catabolism

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19
Q

what kind of Metabolic activity produces larger molecule

A

anabolism

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20
Q

what organism makes their own food/own organic matter

A

autotrophs

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21
Q

what organism eats food from another source

A

heterotroph

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22
Q

true or false: microorganism also use inorganic matter for survival such as Na, Ca, K, P, S

A

true

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23
Q

what can some microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and Cyanobacteria use to produce a.a.

A

atmospheric air

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24
Q

what vitamin is involved in enzyme synthesis

A

vit B

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25
Q

true or false: the environment can not change metabolic activity, growth, or sequence of mutation

A

false

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26
Q

what was the 1st type of bacteria found

A

berrelia

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27
Q

where does berrelia come from

A

lyme

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28
Q

what bacteria causes rheumatoid arthritis

A

berrelia

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29
Q

what disease was discovered in 1982

A

HIV/AIDS

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30
Q

what bacteria was discovered from jack in the box

A

escherichia coli

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31
Q

what are the effects of escherichia coli

A

bleeding in the intestine —> bloody diarrhea

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32
Q

what virus causes diarrhea, fever, bleeding to the body

A

ebola virus

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33
Q

what virus is small pox

A

variola virus

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34
Q

what bacteria causes malaria

A

plasmodium vivax

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35
Q

what bacteria causes diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

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36
Q

what bacteria causes tuberculosis/koch disease

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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37
Q

who said that all plants and animals are composed of little boxes

A

hooke

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38
Q

who is the father of micro

A

Leeuwenhock

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39
Q

who created a lens

A

leeuwenhock

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40
Q

who found “little animals” in water, feces, and urine; drew them and gave it to the society of London

A

Leeuwenhock

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41
Q

def? living comes from non-living organisms

A

spontaneous generation

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42
Q

what is this an example of putting bread in water, found a scorpion later (never though eggs were already there)

A

spontaneous generation

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43
Q

What concept does Henson and needham agree with

A

spontaneous generation

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44
Q

def? living organisms come from living organisms

A

biogenesis

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45
Q

what happened when Virchow boiled beef broth

A

became clear

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46
Q

Virchow experiment: what beaker had living organisms after being incubated

A

uncorked

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47
Q

what concept does Virchow’s experiment agree with

A

biogenesis

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48
Q

Recti experiment: did organisms grow when there was a screen with the corked rotten meat

A

no

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49
Q

what concept does Recti’s experiment agree with

A

biogenesis

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50
Q

who was the 1st to create a condenser and oil immersion/ complete microscope

A

abbe

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51
Q

what kind of microscope was the 1st

A

monocular

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52
Q

who divided bacteria into 2 groups

A

cohn

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53
Q

what group of bacteria is an organism that can move, reproduce, and cause problems

A

vegetative/ active bacteria

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54
Q

what group of bacteria is an organism that can not move, but can be negative due to change in the environment

A

dormant/ sleeping bacteria

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55
Q

what bacteria causes tetanus

A

clostridium tetani

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56
Q

what protects elostridium retani from the environment

A

endospores

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57
Q

what is the process of germination

A

spore becomes vegetative/active

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58
Q

who was the 1st to prove biogenesis and discard spontaneous generation

A

louis pacteur

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59
Q

what did Louis Pasteur find with his goose shaped flask experiment in the neck when he tipped the liquid out

A

broth was cloudy

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60
Q

who was the 1st person to talk about sterilization

A

pacteur

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61
Q

how do you sterilize something

A

autoclave for 15 min, 15 lbs pressure at 121 degrees C

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62
Q

who said all surgical equipment must be boiled

A

lister

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63
Q

What did Lister do at the site of surgery to prevent infection

A

carbolic acid/ betadine/ iodine around the part of surgery

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64
Q

who was a gynecologist who said you should wash your hands before helping with birth

A

Wendeu

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65
Q

who was the 1st to isolate Bacillus anthracis

A

koch

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66
Q

who was the 1st to isolate mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

koch

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67
Q

what is bacillus anthracis resistant to

A

cattle

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68
Q

what is resistant to mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

guinea pig

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69
Q

what bacteria causes koch disease

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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70
Q

who was the 1st to create a solid medium from a potato

A

koch

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71
Q

who was the 1st to create acid fast stain

A

koch

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72
Q

def? microorganisms can cause disease to humans and animals

A

grin theory

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73
Q

what bacteria causes gonococci/ genital problem/ gonorrhea

A

tessera gonorrhoeae

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74
Q

what bacteria causes syphillis

A

treponema pallidum

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75
Q

what bacteria causes typhoid fever

A

salmonella typhi

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76
Q

what bacteria causes pneumonia

A

streptococcus pheumoniae

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77
Q

what bacteria causes diapheria

A

mycobacterium diphtheriae

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78
Q

who was the 1st to find cholera

A

Louis pasteur

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79
Q

what bacteria causes dysentry/bleeding

A

shigella dysenteriae

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80
Q

what bacteria causes undulating fever

A

brucella abortus

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81
Q

what bacteria causes plague

A

yersinia pestis

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82
Q

what bacteria causes botulinum

A

clostridium botulinum

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83
Q

what was the improved version of acid fast stain

A

ziehn- Nielsen acid fast stain

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84
Q

who divided majority of bacteria via the structure of cell wall

A

gram

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85
Q

what did Paul Ehrlich make

A

stain for flagella, endospore, capsule

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86
Q

where does penicillin come from

A

fungi

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87
Q

what was the 1st antibody to be created

A

penicillin

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88
Q

def? weakened organism that cause the body to produce antibodies

A

attenuated organism

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89
Q

what did workman and Paul ehrlich believe about immunology

A

anything that got inside of the body produces antigen and the body must produce antibodies

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90
Q

what is created from plasma cells w/c come from the b-cell/lymphocyte

A

antibody

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91
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes

A

small
medium
large

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92
Q

def? small lymphocyte that the b-cells produce

A

monoclonal antigen

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93
Q

what did Dmitri Ivanovsky study

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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94
Q

how did ivanovsky find tobacco mosaic virus

A

passed sap through chamberland filter then put that on healthy leaves —> all became sick

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95
Q

what virus did Leoffler find and where?

A

encephalitis virus in horse brain

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96
Q

what virus did reed find and where

A

yellow fever virus inside human intestines

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97
Q

why can’t viruses grow in media

A

they do not have a cytoplast

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98
Q

what happens when a virus and bacteria are on the same plate

A

clear zones appear

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99
Q

what disease can cause damage to ovaries, sperm, and can cause child abnormality

A

syphillus

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100
Q

what is the treatment they use for syphillus

A

penicillin

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101
Q

what is the treatment they use for malaria

A

hydrochloroquine

102
Q

who was the 1st to develop penicillin

A

flemming

103
Q

true or false: all antibiotics come from living organisms

A

true

104
Q

who suggested that all antibiotics come from different types of living cells

A

workman

105
Q

what does streptomycin come from

A

yeast

106
Q

def? specific antibody for specific antigen, in order to react; same antibody same antigen

A

monoclonal antibody

107
Q

def? produces specific antibody

A

hybridoma

108
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

pass genetic code from 1 cell to another

109
Q

def? # of protons

A

atomic #

110
Q

def? total # of protons and neutrons

A

atomic weight

111
Q

def? atomic mass is diff

A

isotope

112
Q

what is the most important radioactive isotope that can follow metabolic activity of an organism

A

C14

113
Q

def? combo of 2 or more atoms

A

molecule

114
Q

what are the 3 diff chemical bonds

A

covalent bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond/hydrophilic bond

115
Q

def? strongest bond, energy produce to break chemical bond

A

covalent bond

116
Q

what kind of bond attaches all organic matter

A

covalent

117
Q

how is energy produced in covalent bonds

A

by forcing 2 nuclei together; sharing 1 pair of electrons

118
Q

def? bond between 2 ions; not as strong as covalent bond

A

ionic bond

119
Q

what kind of bond does the atom lose or gain electrons and does not have a neutral charge anymore

A

ionic

120
Q

what is the weakest of the bonds

A

hydrogen/hydrophilic bond

121
Q

what measures the hydrogen ion conc in a soln

A

pH

122
Q

what elements make up carbohydrates

A

C, H, and O

123
Q

what is the most important organic matter for energy

A

carbohydrates

124
Q

what are the 3 groups of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

125
Q

what kind of carbohydrate is 3-7 carbons

A

monosaccharide

126
Q

what kind of carbohydrates are hexose and pentose

A

monosaccharide

127
Q

what kind of carbohydrate is composed of 2 monosaccharides

A

disaccharide

128
Q

what kind of carbohydrates are maltose, sucrose, and lactose

A

disaccharide

129
Q

what kind of carbohydrate is a larger molecule with # of monosaccharides together

A

Polysaccharide

130
Q

what kind of carbohydrates are glycogen, starch, and cellulose

A

Polysaccharides

131
Q

def? never break completely and does not dissolve in water

A

lipid

132
Q

what elements make up lipids

A

C, H, and O

133
Q

what are the 2 kinds of lipids

A

simple fat

complex fat

134
Q

def? fatty acid + glycerol

A

simple fat

135
Q

def? fat + something else

A

complex fat

136
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid

A

rna and dna

137
Q

def? long chain composed of nucleotide- composed of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base

A

nucleic acid

138
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

139
Q

what are the pyramidines

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

140
Q

what are the bases in dna

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

141
Q

what are the bases in rna

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

142
Q

what kind of rna is responsible for a.a transfer to site or rRNA w/c is the site of protein synthesis

A

transfer rna

143
Q

what kind of rna is the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomal rna

144
Q

what happens in the RER

A

protein synthesis

145
Q

what happens in the SER

A

site of formation of fat

146
Q

def? a.a together creates a long chain

A

peptide

147
Q

how many a.a are in a peptide

A

around 200

148
Q

how many a.a are in a protein

A

around 800

149
Q

def? protein + something else

A

conjugated protein

150
Q

function of enzymes

A

break down food to make energy

151
Q

where do enzymes come from in the body

A

stomach
intestine
pancreas
liver

152
Q

what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell but excreted out of the cell to function elsewhere

A

extracellular enzyme

153
Q

what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell w/c is used inside the cell to help run cellular functions

A

intracellular enzyme

154
Q

true or false: enzymes are protein but not all proteins are enzymes

A

true

155
Q

def? inactive protein

A

apoenzyme

156
Q

def? inactive organic matter; mostly via B

A

coenzyme

157
Q

what was the 1st isolated enzyme

A

urease

158
Q

what enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

159
Q

why are enzymes specific

A

b/c they have to recognize the substrate

160
Q

how do they name enzymes

A

depends on the substrate and function

161
Q

what happens if amount of substrate increases

A

the amount of enzyme increases

162
Q

what is one of the most important factors that activate enzymes

A

pH

163
Q

what happens to an enzyme in too hot of temp

A

denatures

164
Q

def? substances that block enzyme activity

A

enzyme inhibitor

165
Q

def: substrate compete for enzyme; look similar to substrate

A

competitive enzyme inhibitor

166
Q

def? some elements that attaches to the other side of the enzyme (allosteric site)

A

non competitive enzyme inhibitor

167
Q

add 1 H or remove Oxygen

A

reductase

168
Q

enzyme that produced by the cell regardless of the type of the environment

A

constitutive enzyme

169
Q

enzyme that are produced by the cell regarding the environment

A

adaptive enzyme

170
Q

what kind of microscope uses a beam of light visible/uv

A

light microscope

171
Q

what kind of microscope is a brightfieqld microscope/compound microscope

A

light microscope

172
Q

def? the ability to see 2 adjacent points

A

resolving power

173
Q

what is the formula for resolving power

A

wavelength/2 x aptical zone

174
Q

def? the size of the light that passes from the stage to the objective

A

apical zone

175
Q

what kind of microscope has the same structure as a brightfeild microscope but the stage is dark and the organism is light

A

dark field microscope

176
Q

what microscope is used to look at organisms at the living stage

A

dark field microscope

177
Q

what kind of microscope working in some kind of light with wavelength less than 400-700 nm

A

uv microscope

178
Q

what kind of microscope uses a florescent dye

A

florescent microscope

179
Q

what kind of microscope is used to search and follow metabolic activity of an organism

A

phase contrast microscope

180
Q

what kind of microscope uses an electron beam w/c has a wavelength 100000x shorter than

A

electron microscope

181
Q

true or false: u can look at wet material on an electron microscope

A

false

182
Q

what kind of microscope focus the beam at 1 spot

A

transmission electron microscope

183
Q

what kind of microscope scan layer by layer

A

scanning electron microscope

184
Q

what kind of organism has no tissues, only cells and have organelle for movement such as flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia

A

protist

185
Q

what is the name of the kingdom in procaryotic group

A

monera

186
Q

what are the 4 kingdoms in the eucaryotic group

A

protista
fungi
plantae
animalia

187
Q

where are there square type bacteria

A

seashore

188
Q

def? loves salt

A

halo philic

189
Q

what shape bacteria have a diameter

A

cocci

190
Q

what shape bacteria have length and width

A

bacillus/ rod-shaped

191
Q

what shape bacteria have no arrangement but depends on how many twist they have

A

spiral shape

192
Q

function of flagella

A

food capture and movement

193
Q

where do flagella come from

A

a granule located in the ectoplast called blephoroplast

194
Q

def? flagella all over the bacteria

A

eubacteria

195
Q

def? flagella in 1 side/pole

A

pseudomonadaceae

196
Q

def? no flagella

A

atrichous

197
Q

def? only 1 flagella

A

monotrichous

198
Q

def? multiple flagella in 1 pole

A

lophotrichous

199
Q

def? bunch of flagella in both sides/pole

A

amphitrichous

200
Q

def? flagella all over

A

peritrchous

201
Q

true or false: flagella is protein

A

true

202
Q

def? drop of organism in the center of the slide, put cover glass and put microscope

A

wetmount

203
Q

def? depression slide; put organism on the depression, seal cover glass w/ resiline

A

hanging drop

204
Q

def? small thick made of protein w/c cause movement in 1 spot called jiggling

A

trichome

205
Q

def? structure that protects cell wall of an organism/bacteria

A

fimbriae

206
Q

function of fimbriae

A

connection of bacteria to diff. parts of the body

207
Q

function of pili

A

temporary union of 2 organisms in order to transfer DNA from 1 organism to another

208
Q

function of the capsule

A

protection
pathogenicity
site to reserve extra food

209
Q

what are the 2 ways to remove a cell wall

A

ultracentrifugation

enzyme

210
Q

what do these 2 elements make up (N-acetylmenamic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine)

A

cell wall backbone

211
Q

what structure of bacteria is very fragile and needs to be kept in isotonic environment

A

protoplast

212
Q

def? an enzyme that is produced in the saliva, tear, intestine

A

lysozyme

213
Q

def? non-rigid bacteria/ fagile or very soft protoplasmic organism and can keep/grow in isotonic environment

A

L-form

214
Q

what kind of bacteria doesn’t have too much fat, less a.a composed of about 15-50% peptidoglycan backbone

A

gram postive

215
Q

what kind of bacteria 5-15% peptidoglycan backbone, majority are fat beside a.a

A

gram neg

216
Q

what causes pathogenicity in gram neg bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide

217
Q

what structure of bacteria is twisted invagination of the plasma mmb

A

mesosome

218
Q

2 hypothesis of the function of a mesosome

A

site of attachment of DNA during replication

site of cell wall synthesis during replication

219
Q

def? when 2 cells come together one F+ and other F-. F- becomes F+

A

f- factor

220
Q

is F+ pathogenic or non pathogenic

A

pathogenic

221
Q

is F- pathogenic or non pathogenic

A

non pathogenic

222
Q

what kind of cells are Cyanobacteria

A

procaryotic

223
Q

def? site of sugar formation

A

thylakoid

224
Q

what form do cyanobacteria come in

A

1 by 1
chain
colony

225
Q

what type of cyanobacteria trap atm air to produce a.a

A

heterocyst/heterocyte

226
Q

what structure do cyanobacteria produce to protect them from the environment

A

akinete

227
Q

def? topic material composed of coccime neuromuscular blocking agent

A

anatoxin

228
Q

def? toxin with bad odor

A

geosmin

229
Q

true or false: both anabolism and catabolism need enzymes

A

true

230
Q

def? energy yielding; give energy (catabolism)

A

exergonic energy

231
Q

def? require energy to have metabolic activity called synthesizing

A

endogonic energy

232
Q

what are the 3 basic things all living organisms need for survival

A

usable energy
usable substrate
right environment

233
Q

def? energy for movement, reproduction, cause problem attach to cell

A

usable energy (ATP)

234
Q

def? food, material for enzyme

A

usable substrate

235
Q

def? very cold lover; grow and produce energy at 10-20 C

A

psychrophilic

236
Q

def? cold lover; grow between 0-30 C

A

psychrotroph

237
Q

def? moderate lover; grow between 25-40 C

A

mesophilic

238
Q

what temp organism is found in the body

A

mesophilic

239
Q

def? grow in hot temp; grow between 45-70 C

A

thermophilic

240
Q

def? very hot lover; grow between 75-100 C

A

hyperthermophilic

241
Q

def? can stand hot or cold temp but in right temp constant to divide

A

thermodic/thermostable

242
Q

sugar lover

A

sacchrophilic

243
Q

organic lover

A

osmophilic

244
Q

what organism name grows in the presence of O2

A

strict/obligate aerobe

245
Q

what organism name grows best in the absence of o2

A

facultative aerobe

246
Q

what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on top

A

facultative aerobe

247
Q

what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on bottom

A

facultative anaerobe

248
Q

what organism name grows 2-10 % O2

A

microaerophilic

249
Q

where do autotroph get their energy

A

sun

250
Q

where do heterotrophs get their energy

A

breaking of covalent bonds in organic matter

251
Q

oxidation/respriation steps

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle
  3. ETS/ cytochrome system

MICROBIO (6 decks)

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