TEST 1 Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
the study of microorganisms and their activity
A
microbio
2
Q
what kinds of organisms are the majority of micro
A
unicellular
3
Q
what kind of organism are fungi and some protozoa
A
multicellular
4
Q
true or false: bacteria and viruses are unicellular
A
true
5
Q
what are the 3 major aspects of microorganisms
A
movement
reproduction
mutation
6
Q
what breaks down food in microorganisms
A
enzymes
7
Q
what does food turn into once it is broken down in microorganisms
A
ATP
8
Q
def? organisms show a rxn to environment
A
irritation
9
Q
describe a beneficial relationship
A
benefits us
we cannot survive w/o them
10
Q
describe a commensalist relationship
A
use us w/o harming us
11
Q
in what part of your body would you find a commensalist relationship
A
oral cavity
12
Q
describe a parasitic relationship
A
use us and bother us
causes problems
13
Q
describe a opportunist relationship
A
commensal
14
Q
what would happen to an immunocompromised pt that has a opportunist relationship
A
it can become parasitic
15
Q
organism that does not have a distinct nucleus
A
Prokaryotic
16
Q
organism that has at least 1 distinct nucleus
A
eukaryotic
17
Q
not a cell; no cytoplast mmb, no cytoplasm
A
non-cellular
18
Q
what kind of Metabolic activity breaks large molecule to small molecule using enzymes
A
Catabolism
19
Q
what kind of Metabolic activity produces larger molecule
A
anabolism
20
Q
what organism makes their own food/own organic matter
A
autotrophs
21
Q
what organism eats food from another source
A
heterotroph
22
Q
true or false: microorganism also use inorganic matter for survival such as Na, Ca, K, P, S
A
true
23
Q
what can some microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and Cyanobacteria use to produce a.a.
A
atmospheric air
24
Q
what vitamin is involved in enzyme synthesis
A
vit B
25
true or false: the environment can not change metabolic activity, growth, or sequence of mutation
false
26
what was the 1st type of bacteria found
berrelia
27
where does berrelia come from
lyme
28
what bacteria causes rheumatoid arthritis
berrelia
29
what disease was discovered in 1982
HIV/AIDS
30
what bacteria was discovered from jack in the box
escherichia coli
31
what are the effects of escherichia coli
bleeding in the intestine ---> bloody diarrhea
32
what virus causes diarrhea, fever, bleeding to the body
ebola virus
33
what virus is small pox
variola virus
34
what bacteria causes malaria
plasmodium vivax
35
what bacteria causes diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae
36
what bacteria causes tuberculosis/koch disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis
37
who said that all plants and animals are composed of little boxes
hooke
38
who is the father of micro
Leeuwenhock
39
who created a lens
leeuwenhock
40
who found "little animals" in water, feces, and urine; drew them and gave it to the society of London
Leeuwenhock
41
def? living comes from non-living organisms
spontaneous generation
42
what is this an example of putting bread in water, found a scorpion later (never though eggs were already there)
spontaneous generation
43
What concept does Henson and needham agree with
spontaneous generation
44
def? living organisms come from living organisms
biogenesis
45
what happened when Virchow boiled beef broth
became clear
46
Virchow experiment: what beaker had living organisms after being incubated
uncorked
47
what concept does Virchow's experiment agree with
biogenesis
48
Recti experiment: did organisms grow when there was a screen with the corked rotten meat
no
49
what concept does Recti's experiment agree with
biogenesis
50
who was the 1st to create a condenser and oil immersion/ complete microscope
abbe
51
what kind of microscope was the 1st
monocular
52
who divided bacteria into 2 groups
cohn
53
what group of bacteria is an organism that can move, reproduce, and cause problems
vegetative/ active bacteria
54
what group of bacteria is an organism that can not move, but can be negative due to change in the environment
dormant/ sleeping bacteria
55
what bacteria causes tetanus
clostridium tetani
56
what protects elostridium retani from the environment
endospores
57
what is the process of germination
spore becomes vegetative/active
58
who was the 1st to prove biogenesis and discard spontaneous generation
louis pacteur
59
what did Louis Pasteur find with his goose shaped flask experiment in the neck when he tipped the liquid out
broth was cloudy
60
who was the 1st person to talk about sterilization
pacteur
61
how do you sterilize something
autoclave for 15 min, 15 lbs pressure at 121 degrees C
62
who said all surgical equipment must be boiled
lister
63
What did Lister do at the site of surgery to prevent infection
carbolic acid/ betadine/ iodine around the part of surgery
64
who was a gynecologist who said you should wash your hands before helping with birth
Wendeu
65
who was the 1st to isolate Bacillus anthracis
koch
66
who was the 1st to isolate mycobacterium tuberculosis
koch
67
what is bacillus anthracis resistant to
cattle
68
what is resistant to mycobacterium tuberculosis
guinea pig
69
what bacteria causes koch disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis
70
who was the 1st to create a solid medium from a potato
koch
71
who was the 1st to create acid fast stain
koch
72
def? microorganisms can cause disease to humans and animals
grin theory
73
what bacteria causes gonococci/ genital problem/ gonorrhea
tessera gonorrhoeae
74
what bacteria causes syphillis
treponema pallidum
75
what bacteria causes typhoid fever
salmonella typhi
76
what bacteria causes pneumonia
streptococcus pheumoniae
77
what bacteria causes diapheria
mycobacterium diphtheriae
78
who was the 1st to find cholera
Louis pasteur
79
what bacteria causes dysentry/bleeding
shigella dysenteriae
80
what bacteria causes undulating fever
brucella abortus
81
what bacteria causes plague
yersinia pestis
82
what bacteria causes botulinum
clostridium botulinum
83
what was the improved version of acid fast stain
ziehn- Nielsen acid fast stain
84
who divided majority of bacteria via the structure of cell wall
gram
85
what did Paul Ehrlich make
stain for flagella, endospore, capsule
86
where does penicillin come from
fungi
87
what was the 1st antibody to be created
penicillin
88
def? weakened organism that cause the body to produce antibodies
attenuated organism
89
what did workman and Paul ehrlich believe about immunology
anything that got inside of the body produces antigen and the body must produce antibodies
90
what is created from plasma cells w/c come from the b-cell/lymphocyte
antibody
91
what are the 3 types of lymphocytes
small
medium
large
92
def? small lymphocyte that the b-cells produce
monoclonal antigen
93
what did Dmitri Ivanovsky study
tobacco mosaic virus
94
how did ivanovsky find tobacco mosaic virus
passed sap through chamberland filter then put that on healthy leaves ---> all became sick
95
what virus did Leoffler find and where?
encephalitis virus in horse brain
96
what virus did reed find and where
yellow fever virus inside human intestines
97
why can't viruses grow in media
they do not have a cytoplast
98
what happens when a virus and bacteria are on the same plate
clear zones appear
99
what disease can cause damage to ovaries, sperm, and can cause child abnormality
syphillus
100
what is the treatment they use for syphillus
penicillin
101
what is the treatment they use for malaria
hydrochloroquine
102
who was the 1st to develop penicillin
flemming
103
true or false: all antibiotics come from living organisms
true
104
who suggested that all antibiotics come from different types of living cells
workman
105
what does streptomycin come from
yeast
106
def? specific antibody for specific antigen, in order to react; same antibody same antigen
monoclonal antibody
107
def? produces specific antibody
hybridoma
108
what is genetic engineering
pass genetic code from 1 cell to another
109
def? # of protons
atomic #
110
def? total # of protons and neutrons
atomic weight
111
def? atomic mass is diff
isotope
112
what is the most important radioactive isotope that can follow metabolic activity of an organism
C14
113
def? combo of 2 or more atoms
molecule
114
what are the 3 diff chemical bonds
covalent bond
ionic bond
hydrogen bond/hydrophilic bond
115
def? strongest bond, energy produce to break chemical bond
covalent bond
116
what kind of bond attaches all organic matter
covalent
117
how is energy produced in covalent bonds
by forcing 2 nuclei together; sharing 1 pair of electrons
118
def? bond between 2 ions; not as strong as covalent bond
ionic bond
119
what kind of bond does the atom lose or gain electrons and does not have a neutral charge anymore
ionic
120
what is the weakest of the bonds
hydrogen/hydrophilic bond
121
what measures the hydrogen ion conc in a soln
pH
122
what elements make up carbohydrates
C, H, and O
123
what is the most important organic matter for energy
carbohydrates
124
what are the 3 groups of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
125
what kind of carbohydrate is 3-7 carbons
monosaccharide
126
what kind of carbohydrates are hexose and pentose
monosaccharide
127
what kind of carbohydrate is composed of 2 monosaccharides
disaccharide
128
what kind of carbohydrates are maltose, sucrose, and lactose
disaccharide
129
what kind of carbohydrate is a larger molecule with # of monosaccharides together
Polysaccharide
130
what kind of carbohydrates are glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Polysaccharides
131
def? never break completely and does not dissolve in water
lipid
132
what elements make up lipids
C, H, and O
133
what are the 2 kinds of lipids
simple fat
| complex fat
134
def? fatty acid + glycerol
simple fat
135
def? fat + something else
complex fat
136
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
rna and dna
137
def? long chain composed of nucleotide- composed of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base
nucleic acid
138
what are the purines
adenine and guanine
139
what are the pyramidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
140
what are the bases in dna
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
141
what are the bases in rna
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
142
what kind of rna is responsible for a.a transfer to site or rRNA w/c is the site of protein synthesis
transfer rna
143
what kind of rna is the site of protein synthesis
ribosomal rna
144
what happens in the RER
protein synthesis
145
what happens in the SER
site of formation of fat
146
def? a.a together creates a long chain
peptide
147
how many a.a are in a peptide
around 200
148
how many a.a are in a protein
around 800
149
def? protein + something else
conjugated protein
150
function of enzymes
break down food to make energy
151
where do enzymes come from in the body
stomach
intestine
pancreas
liver
152
what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell but excreted out of the cell to function elsewhere
extracellular enzyme
153
what kind of enzyme is produced in the cell w/c is used inside the cell to help run cellular functions
intracellular enzyme
154
true or false: enzymes are protein but not all proteins are enzymes
true
155
def? inactive protein
apoenzyme
156
def? inactive organic matter; mostly via B
coenzyme
157
what was the 1st isolated enzyme
urease
158
what enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide
catalase
159
why are enzymes specific
b/c they have to recognize the substrate
160
how do they name enzymes
depends on the substrate and function
161
what happens if amount of substrate increases
the amount of enzyme increases
162
what is one of the most important factors that activate enzymes
pH
163
what happens to an enzyme in too hot of temp
denatures
164
def? substances that block enzyme activity
enzyme inhibitor
165
def: substrate compete for enzyme; look similar to substrate
competitive enzyme inhibitor
166
def? some elements that attaches to the other side of the enzyme (allosteric site)
non competitive enzyme inhibitor
167
add 1 H or remove Oxygen
reductase
168
enzyme that produced by the cell regardless of the type of the environment
constitutive enzyme
169
enzyme that are produced by the cell regarding the environment
adaptive enzyme
170
what kind of microscope uses a beam of light visible/uv
light microscope
171
what kind of microscope is a brightfieqld microscope/compound microscope
light microscope
172
def? the ability to see 2 adjacent points
resolving power
173
what is the formula for resolving power
wavelength/2 x aptical zone
174
def? the size of the light that passes from the stage to the objective
apical zone
175
what kind of microscope has the same structure as a brightfeild microscope but the stage is dark and the organism is light
dark field microscope
176
what microscope is used to look at organisms at the living stage
dark field microscope
177
what kind of microscope working in some kind of light with wavelength less than 400-700 nm
uv microscope
178
what kind of microscope uses a florescent dye
florescent microscope
179
what kind of microscope is used to search and follow metabolic activity of an organism
phase contrast microscope
180
what kind of microscope uses an electron beam w/c has a wavelength 100000x shorter than
electron microscope
181
true or false: u can look at wet material on an electron microscope
false
182
what kind of microscope focus the beam at 1 spot
transmission electron microscope
183
what kind of microscope scan layer by layer
scanning electron microscope
184
what kind of organism has no tissues, only cells and have organelle for movement such as flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia
protist
185
what is the name of the kingdom in procaryotic group
monera
186
what are the 4 kingdoms in the eucaryotic group
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
187
where are there square type bacteria
seashore
188
def? loves salt
halo philic
189
what shape bacteria have a diameter
cocci
190
what shape bacteria have length and width
bacillus/ rod-shaped
191
what shape bacteria have no arrangement but depends on how many twist they have
spiral shape
192
function of flagella
food capture and movement
193
where do flagella come from
a granule located in the ectoplast called blephoroplast
194
def? flagella all over the bacteria
eubacteria
195
def? flagella in 1 side/pole
pseudomonadaceae
196
def? no flagella
atrichous
197
def? only 1 flagella
monotrichous
198
def? multiple flagella in 1 pole
lophotrichous
199
def? bunch of flagella in both sides/pole
amphitrichous
200
def? flagella all over
peritrchous
201
true or false: flagella is protein
true
202
def? drop of organism in the center of the slide, put cover glass and put microscope
wetmount
203
def? depression slide; put organism on the depression, seal cover glass w/ resiline
hanging drop
204
def? small thick made of protein w/c cause movement in 1 spot called jiggling
trichome
205
def? structure that protects cell wall of an organism/bacteria
fimbriae
206
function of fimbriae
connection of bacteria to diff. parts of the body
207
function of pili
temporary union of 2 organisms in order to transfer DNA from 1 organism to another
208
function of the capsule
protection
pathogenicity
site to reserve extra food
209
what are the 2 ways to remove a cell wall
ultracentrifugation
| enzyme
210
what do these 2 elements make up (N-acetylmenamic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine)
cell wall backbone
211
what structure of bacteria is very fragile and needs to be kept in isotonic environment
protoplast
212
def? an enzyme that is produced in the saliva, tear, intestine
lysozyme
213
def? non-rigid bacteria/ fagile or very soft protoplasmic organism and can keep/grow in isotonic environment
L-form
214
what kind of bacteria doesn't have too much fat, less a.a composed of about 15-50% peptidoglycan backbone
gram postive
215
what kind of bacteria 5-15% peptidoglycan backbone, majority are fat beside a.a
gram neg
216
what causes pathogenicity in gram neg bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
217
what structure of bacteria is twisted invagination of the plasma mmb
mesosome
218
2 hypothesis of the function of a mesosome
site of attachment of DNA during replication
| site of cell wall synthesis during replication
219
def? when 2 cells come together one F+ and other F-. F- becomes F+
f- factor
220
is F+ pathogenic or non pathogenic
pathogenic
221
is F- pathogenic or non pathogenic
non pathogenic
222
what kind of cells are Cyanobacteria
procaryotic
223
def? site of sugar formation
thylakoid
224
what form do cyanobacteria come in
1 by 1
chain
colony
225
what type of cyanobacteria trap atm air to produce a.a
heterocyst/heterocyte
226
what structure do cyanobacteria produce to protect them from the environment
akinete
227
def? topic material composed of coccime neuromuscular blocking agent
anatoxin
228
def? toxin with bad odor
geosmin
229
true or false: both anabolism and catabolism need enzymes
true
230
def? energy yielding; give energy (catabolism)
exergonic energy
231
def? require energy to have metabolic activity called synthesizing
endogonic energy
232
what are the 3 basic things all living organisms need for survival
usable energy
usable substrate
right environment
233
def? energy for movement, reproduction, cause problem attach to cell
usable energy (ATP)
234
def? food, material for enzyme
usable substrate
235
def? very cold lover; grow and produce energy at 10-20 C
psychrophilic
236
def? cold lover; grow between 0-30 C
psychrotroph
237
def? moderate lover; grow between 25-40 C
mesophilic
238
what temp organism is found in the body
mesophilic
239
def? grow in hot temp; grow between 45-70 C
thermophilic
240
def? very hot lover; grow between 75-100 C
hyperthermophilic
241
def? can stand hot or cold temp but in right temp constant to divide
thermodic/thermostable
242
sugar lover
sacchrophilic
243
organic lover
osmophilic
244
what organism name grows in the presence of O2
strict/obligate aerobe
245
what organism name grows best in the absence of o2
facultative aerobe
246
what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on top
facultative aerobe
247
what organism name grow in the prescence /abscence of O2; more growth on bottom
facultative anaerobe
248
what organism name grows 2-10 % O2
microaerophilic
249
where do autotroph get their energy
sun
250
where do heterotrophs get their energy
breaking of covalent bonds in organic matter
251
oxidation/respriation steps
1. glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle
3. ETS/ cytochrome system
