TEST 2 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
how many ATP are made in pro during glycolysis
A
38
2
Q
how many ATP are made in eukaryotes during glycolysis
A
36
3
Q
where does glycolysis happen in the cell
A
cytoplast
4
Q
what is a result of glycolysis
A
pyruvic acid
5
Q
where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (pro)
A
cytoplasmic mmb
6
Q
where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (eukaryotes)
A
Mitochondria
7
Q
how many ATP come out of the kreb’s cycle/Ciytic acid cycle.
A
2 ATP
8
Q
is O2 needed for the ETS
A
yes
9
Q
where does the ETS happen in pro cells
A
cytoplasmic mmb
10
Q
where does the ETS happen in eukaryotes cells
A
Mitochondria
11
Q
total ATP produced during the ETS (pro)
A
34
12
Q
total ATP produced during the ETS (eukaryotes )
A
32
13
Q
is O2 needed for fermentation
A
no
14
Q
enzyme that removes H+ from pyruvic acid
A
dehydrogenase
15
Q
what are the gases released during fermentation
A
CO2 and H+
16
Q
what type of fermentation only produces lactic acid
A
homolactic fermentation
17
Q
what type of fermentation produces lactic acid and other thing
A
heterolactic fermentation
18
Q
what is the most important product of fermentation
A
lactic acid
19
Q
what is composed of glycerol and fatty acid
A
fat
20
Q
what is the simplest fat
A
triglyceride
21
Q
true or false: fat breaks down easy
A
false
22
Q
what does lipase breakdown fat into
A
fatty acid and glycerol
23
Q
what makes up the cell wall
A
protein
24
Q
what enzyme removes NH2 and changes it to NH3
A
deaminase
25
def? bacteria starts to grow
purefaction
26
def? breakdown of organic matter to produce energy
catabolism
27
def? to synthesize, to produce new type of compound
anabolism
28
what is an anabolism intermediate
PGal
29
what is the one enzyme for anabolism
lipase
30
what are the 3 factors that control anabolism and metabolism
alternate pathway,
feedback inhibition,
gene regulation
31
def? controlling metabolism; enzyme and pathway of ana. and cata. are diff
alternate pathway
32
def? involved in time (short or fast)
feedback inhibition
33
def? induction of the gene; mRNA transcribe DNA molecule to rRNA; tRNA brings in aa
gene regulation
34
true or false : gene must be put in right environment for gene transcription
true
35
what kind of growth does bacteria do
binary fission
36
are pro or eu faster at doubling time
pro
37
def? division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
38
what kind of division do eu cells do
mitotic division
39
higher metabolic activity = ____ generation time
shorter
40
true or false: shorter generation time cause more problems
true
41
what part of the population growth curve doesn't an organism grow b/c they have to adapt to the environment
lag time/adaptation phase
42
what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned on, they produce enzyme, they start to use food and waste
logarithmic phase/log phase
43
what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned off
stationary phase/ silent phase
44
what is the limiting factor in the stationary phase
decrease in pH, O2, food, sample, temp., change the amount of vitamin decrease
45
what part of the population growth curve is acid produced that causes lysis
death phase
46
generation time formula
G= t/3.3 log (b/B)
47
def? count the # of organisms in the plate or other
cell count
48
what is used to count eukaryote cells
hemocytometer
49
what equipment is used to estimate the # of all cells in a suspension
hemocytomter
50
what is the most reliable/accurate way to count cells in micro
colony count
51
def? count the # of colonies, multiplied by the dilution factor = # of organisms
colony count
52
def? a machine which works with electrode to count cells
Coulter counter
53
can Coulter counter separate living from non-living cells
no
54
def? uses spectrophotometer, make a dilution of microorganism, does not differentiate between dead and living organisms
turbidity
55
def? suspension of organism inside a tube, washed and dried
dry mass/cell mass
56
def? amount of waste material
cell activity
57
what heat do to enzymes
denatures
58
def? amount of salt inside the cell in higher than outside
osmotic pressure
59
what happens to the cell in a hypertonic environment
water moves out, shrinks
60
what happens to the cell in a hypotonic environment
water gets inside, enlarge and breaks
61
what do bacteria have that protect them from lysis
cell wall
62
what kind of organisms grow in the presence of O2
strict aerobe
63
what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on top)
facultative aerobe
64
what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on bottom)
facultative anaerobe
65
what kind of radiation are x and gamma rays
ionizing radiation
66
what kind of radiation is more dangerous
ionizing radiation
67
what kind of radiation is UV ray
non-ionizing
68
where does mycobacterium tuberculosis grow
lungs
69
where does neisseria gonrrhea grow
genitalia
70
bacteria that grow not in humans or animals
autotrophic
71
bacteria that grows inside the body of humans/animals
heterotroph
72
def?association between 2 species where 1 depends on the other one for survival
symbiotic association
73
what kind of symbiotic association is between 2 organisms; 1 is harmed but does not affect the other
amensalist association
74
what kind of symbiotic association is where 1 benefit w/o harming the other one; we have it but we don't know
commensalist
75
what kind of symbiotic association is where both benefit from each other, if 1 is removed , the other cannot survive
mutualist
76
what kind of symbiotic association is an organism benefit while harming the host
parasitic association
77
what kind of parasitism bothers/damages the skin of the people
ectoparasitism
78
what kind of parasitism problem is inside internal organ
endoparasitism
79
what kind of symbiotic association is with commensal or muralist but when the environment change, they become parasitic
opportunist association
80
def? blood poison
septicemia
81
def? presence of bacteria inside the blood
bacteremia
82
def? presence of virus in the blood
viremia
83
def? presence of toxins inside blood
toxemia
84
def? ability of any organism to cause problem
pathogenicity
85
def? the degree of damage the organism cause
virulence
86
def? can be done by chem or kill organism or subculture the organism resulting in vaccine
Attenuation
87
def? any change in the structure or function of cells
disease
88
def? organisms are resident in the body
resident flora
89
def? temp; exposed to organism for a short time or long time
transient flora
90
def? disease that can be found in the population constantly
endemic
91
def? disease that you can see in the population for a certain time
epidemic
92
def? disease that can be seen in the population for a short time
pandemic
93
def? disease that can be found occasionally.
sporadic
94
def? the way of entrance of organism in the body
portal way.
95
what happens if the defense mechanism of the body does not work
organisms produce colony in the cells
96
what do colonies in a cell do
changes functions and structure
97
what are the 3 layers of the integument/skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
98
what is the epidermis composed of
epithelial cells
99
how many layers of epithelial cells are in the epidermis
5-6
100
what is the dermis composed of
connective tissue
101
true or false: the dermis does not have a lot of capillaries
false
102
what is the hypodermis composed of
connective tissue
103
what tissue is under cutaneous, less capillaries, and more fat
mucucutaneous tissue
104
In what kind of tissue are epithelial cells and connective tissue
cutanous
105
what tissue has hyaluronic acid
connective tissue
106
what enzyme dissolves hyaluronic acid
hyaluronidase
107
what produces lysosome
neutrophil
108
what produces myeloperoxidase
macrophages
109
what are the 2 glands in connective tissue
sweat glands
| sebaceous glands
110
what gland produces sweat and is acidic
sweat gland
111
what gland produces fat and the skin and hair are more oily
sebaceous gland
112
what bodily fluid do lysosomes come from
tears and saliva
113
what is the most common way organisms get into the body
respiratory system
114
what is the 1st defense mechanism of the respiratory system
hair in nose
115
what is the 2nd defense mechanism of the respiratory system
epithelia cells in the trachae
| bronchi cilia
116
how big is the large intestine
3-5 m
117
def? antiseptic which is released in the digestive system
bile
118
what part of the digestive system contains large amounts of E.coli
large intestine
119
what produces myeloperxidase
phagocyte
120
what part of the digestive system has a lot of lymph nodes/lymphocytes
appenidix
121
what do tonsils produce
lymphocyte
122
enterobacter aerogines is ___ in the digestive system
commensal
123
where does serrate marcescens cause problems
oral cavity
124
what does fungi look like
separated hyphae
| buds a lot of yeast
125
what does fungi cause
itching scratching
126
does trichomonad vaginalis grow in basic or acidic conditions
acidic
127
what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in female
itching, scratching, vaginal discharge, smell
128
what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in males
urthral discharge
129
what shape are neisseria gonorrhea
diplococci
130
are neisseria gonorrhea gram neg or pos
neg
131
how is neisseria gonorrhea transmitted
sex
132
what disease does treponema palladium cause
syphilis
133
is treponema palladium gram neg or pos
pos
134
what shape is treponema palladium
spiral
135
what are the symptoms treponema palladium in males
lession on top of penis
136
is chlamydia gram neg or pos
neg
137
what shape is chlamydia
coccobacillus/bacillus
138
does chlamydia have peptidoglycan
no
139
how is chlamydia transmitted
personal contact or airborne
140
can chlamydia grow in tubes
no
141
what drug is used for chlamydia
oramycin
142
what is a good media for chlamydia
PCI
143
is HIV a DNA or RNA virus
rna
144
is herpes simplex a DNA or RNA virus
DNA
145
is HPV a DNA or RNA virus
DNA
146
what disease causes cervical cancer
herpes simplex
| HPV
147
what does chlamydia trachomitis cause
trachoma in the eye
| urethritis
148
what is the most common venereal disease
chlamydia trachomitis
149
what does chlamydia pneumonia cause
pneumonia
150
where does chlamydia psittacosis originate from
parrot
151
how is chlamydia psitti transmitted
inhalation or dry particle in the ground
152
what are the symptoms of chlamydia psittaci
fever
headache
chills
stress
153
what bacteria is closely related to chlamydia
rickettsia
154
what shape is rickettsia
spiral shape
| coccobacillus
155
is rickettsia gram neg or pos
neg
156
true or false: rickettsia has no petidogycan
true
157
how is rickettsia transmitted
insect
158
what kind of parasite is rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia typhi, and rickettsia rickettsii
obligate intestinal parasite
159
how is rickettsia prowazekii transferred
lice
160
Symptoms of rickettsia prowazekii
spotted fever on the skin
161
what does rickettsia typhi cause
typhus
162
how is rickettsia typhi transferred
flea
163
how is rickettsia rickettsii transferred
tick
164
what does rickettsia rickettsii cause
Rocky Mountain fever
165
what is the defense mechanism of the ear
sebum
166
what kind of media do all the ingredients must be known at exactly the same amount
chemical defined media
167
what kind of media is used for research not for diagnostics
chemical defined media
168
what kind of media can differentiate between gram pos and neg
differential media
169
what kind of media can select the type of organism to grow
selective media
170
what kind of media can organisms grow faster
enriched media
171
what kind of media shows aerobic, anaerobic or facultative
anaerobic media
172
what is the most important element need for organisms to grow
carbon
173
what is the simplest inorganic compound
CO2
174
what is the simplest organism compound
methane and formaldehyde
175
____ of the weight of the cell is carbon
1/2
176
what makes up 18% of the weight of an organism
phosphate, sulfur, nitrogen
177
what elements make up coenzyme
calcium, potassium, magnesium
178
def? CHOO enzyme + conenzyme
holoenzyme
179
what trace elements are in water
zinc, copper, and iodine
180
what is the capsule composed of
polysaccharide and polypeptide
181
what is the pathogenic part of the capsule
polysaccaride
182
what stops macrophages from attacking a pathogen
capsule
183
what will sit on top of the capsule and weaken it so macrophages can attack
antibody
184
what component of an organism is important in toxicity
cell wall
185
what kind of cell wall causes strep throat/ sore throat
beta cell wall
186
what is special about the beta cell wall
M protein
187
what do mycobacterium tuberculosis/ smegatis/ leprosy have in the cell wall
wax
188
can macrophages get inside a cell wall with wax
yes
189
what enzyme is produces by staph and strep
leukocydin
190
function of leukocydin
break neutrophil
191
function of hemolysin
breaks RBC
192
function of strptolysin
breaks down RBC
193
function of coagulase
blood clots
194
function of enterokinase
starts to dissolve fibrin and remove coagulation
195
what enzyme do microorganism that can go to blood via the skin produce
hyaluronidase
196
function of collagenase
coagulate the collagen fibers
197
what are the 3 fibers in the skin
elastic
reticular
collagen
198
true or false: exotoxin is an excretion
true
199
are exotoxin gram pos or neg
pos
200
what type of exotoxin affects/damage any type of tissue/cell
cytotoxin
201
what type of exotoxin damages the nervous system
neurotoxin
202
what type of exotoxin damages the digestive system
enterotoxin
203
what type of exotoxin does cornebacterium diphtheriae produce
diphtheria toxin
204
what type of exotoxin does streptococcus pyogenes produce
erythrocytic toxin
205
what type of exotoxin does clostridium botulinum produce
botulinum toxin
206
what type of exotoxin does tetani produce
tetanus toxin
207
what type of exotoxin does vibrio chlera produce
vivrio enterotoxin
208
what type of exotoxin does staph aureus produce
staph enterotoxin
209
are endotoxins gram neg or pos
neg
210
what is caused by organism especially the bacterial cell wall
endotoxin
211
what are the 3 species of staphylococcus
staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis
staphylococcus
212
def? organism comes from the genital system
enterococci
