TEST 3 Flashcards
Which of the following organism causes syphylis among infected people:
Treponema pallidum
The English Scientist reported to the world that smallest structural units of animals and plants are composed of “little boxes”. Later, the discovery by this scientist brought the theory that all living organisms are composed of “cells”.
hooke
The function of fimbriae in bacteria is:
To help some bacteria attach to surfaces (host cells)
One of the following bacterium is a rod-shaped that causes undulating fever among infected people.
Brucella abortus
A structure found in eucaryotic cells but not in procaryotic cells is:
Mitochondrial structure
true or false these go together: Robert Koch ——– Aseptic surgery
false
Atomic mass (weight) of an atom is one of the following:
Sum of protons and neutrons of an atom
High temperature inhibit enzymes by:
Denaturing enzyme activity
The ability to distinguish between two adjacent points with a microscope is called:
Resolving power
which of the following molecule is not a monosaccharide molecule:
lactose
Which of the following enzyme is involved in removing NH2 or amino group from a substrate:
deaminase
concerning nucleic acids true or false: nucleotide consists of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogen base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate
true
Thiamine nitrogen base is a—— present mostly in —–:
Pyrimidine/DNA
The kingdom Protista consists of:
Protozoa, slime mold and algae
Eight cocci arranged into a cubical packet are called;
sarcinae
Which of the following enzyme is involved in synthetic reaction among microorganisms:
ligase
true or false: All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes
true
The compound found in the cell wall of gram positive but not gram negative bacteria:
Teichoic acids
Which group of microorganisms would least likely to contain species that could cause diseases in humans:
algae
Boiling surgical instruments was a common practice in the early 1800s for reducing infection and it was suggested for the first time by an English Scientist called :
lister
The organism involved in a disease called “deadly plague” is one of the following:
Yersinia pestis
Vitamin B2 used as a coenzyme is one of the following:
riboflavin
One of the following scientist was the first to report the tobacco mosaic viruses from infected plants and he was the first to report viruses as a cause of disease.
iwanoski
Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall worked together to
Disapprove the theory of spontaneous generation
Thylakoids membrane in green bacteria and cyanobacteria are found in:
chloroplasts
Which of the following organism is helicoidal in shape and form:
Treponema pallidum
Are located on rough endoplasmic reticulum inside the living cells of eucaryotic and are important in protein synthesis:
rRNA
Which of the following organism is ellipsoidal (spherical) in form and shape:
Staphylococcus aureus
High concentration of dipicolinic acid and calcium are unique to what bacterial structure:
Endospore
Which of the following compound is a disaccharide molecule:
maltose
One of the following scientist was the first to develop condenser for microscope and also a technique for using oil immersion objective that is the most effective objective to identify microscopic organisms.
abbe
Phospholipids are complex lipids important in concentration of:
plasma mmb
Which of the following antibiotic inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall of bacteria:
penicillin
The term peritrichous refers to a bacterium with:
Flagella protruding from all areas of a bacterium
Spiral bacteria that are short and do not form complete coils are called;
vibrios
Arginine, serine, alanine, histidine, glycine, lysine, cysteine, tyrosine, valine and leucine all are:
a.a
Which of the following is probably true about all the experiments that proved spontaneous generation:
Microorganisms were already present
The resolving power of the compound brightfield microscope is:
0.2 um
A scanning electron microscope uses which of the following sources of illumination:
Source of electron
All of the following except one are biologically important hexoses:
ribose
true or false: Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes
true
true or false: viruses cannot metabolize nutrients
true
true or false: viruses are not composed of cells
TRUE
true or false: viruses cannot reproduce by themselves
true
true or false: viruses have DNA or RNA, not both
true
Two long strands of DNA nucleotides are held together by matched-pair of nitrogen bases of:
A-T, G-C
Included in subkingdom eucaryotes:
protozoa
Magnification of 100,000 or more can be obtained by using a
Electron microscope
true or false: Endospores are metabolically active
false
In addition to magnifying an image, microscope objectives;
Focus the light rays coming from the specimen being viewed
He was the first who divided bacteria regarding to the absence or presence of endospores into two major groups: vegetative or active forms and sleeping or dormant forms.
cohn
Which of the following nitrogen base is not found in DNA molecule of a bacterial cell:
uracil
Which of the following scientist was able to transfer Bacillus antheracis from cattle to mice:
Koch
When bacteria are in solution of low ion concentration, they are prevented from bursting due to osmotic pressure because of the presence of the:
cell wall
which of the following organism is cylindrica (rod-shaped) in form and shaped:
Bacillus megaterium
True or false: triglycerides are esters of glycerol and fatty acid
true
True or false: lipids are basically esters of fatty acids
true
True or false: Phospholipids are the major components of cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria
true
true or false: Lipids form complexes with polysaccharides (LPS) and are a major component of the cell wall of bacteria
true
Which of the following contains five carbons in its chemical structure:
ribose
Dense, external coats of polysaccharide and polypeptide are referred to a structure of bacterium called:
capsule
One of the following German Scientist studied the life cycle of anthrax bacillus and he used anthrax as a model to demonstrate that specific microorganisms are the cause of specific diseases
koch
Many bacteria contain an invaginated and highly convoluted section of cytoplasmic membrane called the:
mesosome
Scanning electron microscope uses which of the following sources of illumination:
electron
He was the first to discover the antimicrobial activity of products released by a mold called Penicillium notatum. He called this product penicillin
flemming
What is the fate of pyruvic acid in aerobic respiration:
It is oxidized in the Krebs’ cycle
All of the following are direct methods to measure microbial growth, except:
Metabolic activity
A product of heterolactic fermentation is
- Butyric acid
- Lactic acid
- Carbon dioxide
- Ethyl alcohol
Which of the following best describes respiration:
The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 and H2O
Which of the following compound is not produced in the course of Krebs’ cycle:
lactate
Bacterial growth can be guantitated by :
- Colony plate count
- Biochemical activity
- Turbidimetric method
- Weight of nitrogen
In what phase of a bacterial growth curve do cells multiply at their maximum rate:
log phase
A relationship between two species of organisms that live together where one benefits without harming the other one:
Commesalism
Amino acids fermentation by Clostridium tetani produces all of the followings, except:
gemosin
Electron transport system (ETS) of a bacterium is located in:
cytoplasmic mmb
Oxidative Phosphorylation would be impossible without:
A supply of oxygen
Entamoeba histolytica in the large intestine of human being is considered to be:
parasitism
Which of the following blood cell exhibits the highest phagocytic activity:
neutrophil
Organisms which require oxygen in a lower concentration found in the atmosphere are termed:
microerophiles
Trichomonas vaginalis in vagina and prostate glands of infected people is a:
protozoan
Which of the following organism is gram-negative bacterium and it produces an endotoxin:
Salmonella typhi
Which of the following is not a characteristic of fermentation:
Generates large amounts of ATPs
The following bacteria are microorganisms that can make up part of normal flora, and can cause disease if given the right set of circumstances
opportunist
A product of Krebs’s cycle is:
Carbon dioxide
FADH2
NADH2
succinic acid
The optimal growth temperature of a bacterium is most closely related to the optimal temperature of:
Functioning of enzymes
Escherichia coli inside the large intestine of human being is considered to be:
commensalism
opportunist
mutualism
In the Stationary phase of population growth curve of microorganisms one of the following occurs:
Presence of “limiting factors” will stop growth of the organisms
Which of the following is not end product of fermentation:
pyruvic acid
Which of the following area of human body is usually colonized by bacteria:
digestive system
One of the following organism in human is causing African sleeping sickness:
Trypanosoma gambiense
What method is the most effective and reliable way to determine the viable count of bacterial culture:
Plate colony count
A population of bacteria which forms the following organelle can be expected to have a longer stationary phase than a population whose cells do not from that organelle?
capsule
Increase the number of organisms by doubling process occurs in one of the following phase of population growth curve of microorganisms.
log phase
Bacteria which grow best at temperature above 50 C. are:
thermophiles
Generation time is:
Equivalent to the doubling time of a population
A relationship between two species of organisms that live together where one benefits without harming the other one:
commensalism
colony count formula
of colonies counted x dilution factor= # of organisms
The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutralize acids:
buffers
Hemacytometer is used to determine the number of:
all cells
A microorganism that is able to cause disease is called a :
pathogen
What is the name of biochemical sequence that degrades glucose to pyruvic acid yielding 2 ATPs:
glycolysis
A parasitism bacterium:
Is harmful to the host
Which of the following genus is a virus and causes genital warts
papilloma
true or false : In the lag phase, cell death exceeds cell multiplication
false
true or false: Bacteria divide by binary fission, producing two daughter cells
true
true or false: In the death phase, bacterial growth may cease as the result of oxygen and nutrient exhaustion
true
true or false: Salmonella typhi has high metabolic activity with shorter generation time
true
true or false: The generation time of bacteria may vary from species to species
true
fatty acids are catabolized in
Krebs cycle
Which of the following organism is gram-positive and produces an exotoxin that does not
cause intestinal disturbances:
Streptococcus pyogenes
In the lag phase of population growth curve of microorganisms all of the following occur, except:
Increase the number of organisms by doubling process
how do you get rid/control microorganisms
- prevent any contamination
- prevent decomposition of food/beverage
- prevent transmission
- prevent any damage to tissue of human or animal
what are the 2 types of microorganism control
physical
chem
def? sterile; free of any organism
sterilization
def? kill all vegetative organisms but not spores
disinfectant
def? any type of reagent that can stop any metabolic activity (living tissue)
antiseptic
def? any agent used to reduce the # of organisms in a sol’n; sol’n is approved by the health department
sanitizer
def? any type of reagent that can kill germs
germicidal
def? any reagent that damage the morphology of bacterias
bactericidal
def? any type of reagent used to stop metabolic activity
bacteriostatic
def? anything that damages a virus
viricidal
def? anything that damages a fungi
fungicidal
def? removes spores
sporocidal
what do these factor make up: conc, intensity of the light, timing, temp, pop of organism, type of organism
antimicrobial agent
what enzyme breaks covalent bond of the cell wall
lysozyme
what antibiotics break the cell wall
Penicillin and bacitracin
what changes/alters/damages cell/plasma mmb
- phenolic compound
- detergent with more ammonia
what alters the cytoplast
heat
what presents the formation of folic acid in the sequence of biosynthesis
sulfa drug
nucleoprotein in higher animals
histone
nucleoprotein in lower animals
typtophan
how do you damage the nucleoprotein
radiation
what kind of radiation are x and gamma rays
ionizing radiation
def? completely inactivates enzyme/protein
killing eggiest
def? growth is stoped but organism is alive
static effect
def? lowest temp that can kill bacteria in suspension in 10 mins
thermal death point
def? shortest time a suspension of organism in a certain temp
thermal death time
what kind of temp is steam under pressure/autoclave
moist temp
autoclave temp, pounds, time?
121 C at 15 lbs for 15 mins
conditions of fractional sterilization/condensation
autoclave at 100 C for 15 mins several times
true or false: boiling kills organisms
false
conditions for pasteurization
in machine at 62 C for 30 mins
what kind of temp is oven (dry oven); no liquid; 121 C for 2-3 hrs
dry heat
def? organism in the fire
incineration
aka lyophilization or static temp
low temp
def? stop metabolic activity at 5-7 C
low temp
what temp is deep freeze at
20 C
what temp is ice chest at and how long
70 C (1-2 years)
what temp is liquid nitrogen at
196 C
def? removing water from organism
dessication
what change in the environment can lyse or plasmalyse
osmotic pressure
water goes out and cell shrinks
hypertonic
water goes inside cell swells
hypotonic
organic lover
osmphilic
what kind of light is radiation and nm
visible light (400-750 nm)
what color light is very sensitive to our eyes
blue and green
what are the 3 short wavelengths
UV
x ray
gamma ray
true or false: short wavelengths damage DNA/RNA molecules
true
what kind of radiation breaks covalent bond between RNA molecules
non-ionizing
what kind of radiation sometimes produce a thymine dimer
ionizing radiation
what compound can be found in mouth wash
phenolic compound
what phenolic compound was 1st used by lister
carbolic acid
what do phenolic compounds prevent
protein synthesis
what is very effective in preservation
formaldhyde
what compound inactivates/denatures protein
formaldehyde
most effective alcohol conc
70% alcohol 30% distilled water
what does alcohol do
inactivates the protein
what does chloride effect
fungi
what does dye damage
morphology
what does sodium & potassium salt of higher fatty acid make up
detergent/soap
what damages/breaks plasma mmb resulting cytoplasm to leak out
detergent/soap
what is 3% hydrogen peroxide used for
block enzyme activity
where do antibiotics come from
fungi, yeast, bacteria, or some algae
def? antibiotic that block metabolic activity
bacteriostatic
def? Antibiotic that damage organism
bactericidal
what does penicillium notatum produce
penicillin
what does bacillus polymyxa produce
polymyxin B
what does streptomyces fradiae produce
neomycin
what does streptomyces griseus produce
streptomycin
what does erthraeus produce
erythromycin
what does bacillus subtilis produce
bacitracin
what does penicillin, vancomycin, and bacitracin damage
cell wall
what does chloramphenicol, erythromycin, neomycin, and streptomycin inhibit
protein synthesis
what does amphitracin B and polymyxin B damage
cell mmb/ plasma mmb
what does neomycin inhibit
nucleic acid replication
what does erythromycin prevent
formation of peptide chain
is erythromycin more effective in gram + or - organisms
neg
do prokaryotes have nucleus
no
do prokaryotes have a nuclear mmb
no
do prokaryotes have nucleoid
yes
do prokaryotes have nucleolus
no
what kind of DNA do prokaryotes have
single strand
some have double
do prokaryotes have a cell wall
yes
what prokaryote does not have a cell wall
micoplasma
do prokaryotes have a cytoplasmic mmb
yes
do prokaryotes do mitosis/mitotic
no
do prokaryotes do meiosis
no
do prokaryotes have ribosomes
yes
where are ribosomes located in pro
cytoplasm
do prokaryotes do respiration
yes
where does reparation occur in pro
cytoplast mmb
do prokaryotes do photosynthesis
yes
what do bacteria use for motility
flagella
