Test 1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is the the gross anatomy of the spinal cord?
The Spinal cord is about 45cm in length it extends from the foramen magnum to the inferior boarder of the lumbar vertebrae.
The Posterior median sulcus and Anterior median fissure.
Gray matter segments in the spinal cord are?
-The cervical and its segments are in the upper limbs and the pectoral girdle
-Involved I’m the sensory and motor intervention of the limbs
-Lumbosacral enlargement is in the lower limb and the pelvis girdle
-It has interneurons that relay motor and sensory input
What is the Difference Between the spinal growth of an infant and an adult?
In adults it runs from the medulla oblongata to L1
I’m Infants it runs from L3 to L4
What is the gross anatomy of the spinal cord?
The Spinal cord tapers to a conical tip called the conus medullaris
-The longitudinal support (terminal thread) as part of the coccygeal ligament
-There are 31 segments divided with a pair of dorsal
*Dorsal root contains axons part of the sensory neurons
*Ventral root contains axons part of the somatic motor neurons
*Dorsal and ventral roots leave in between the adjacent verterbrae and intervertebral foramina
*Cell bodies of sensory neurons lies between the pedicures of adjacent vertebrae
What is the Caudia equina?
It is the complex of the terminal thread and long and ventral roots just above the dura mater
What is the purpose of the spinal meninges?
The function is to protect the spinal cord and provides physical ability and absorbs shock
What are the 3 Meningeal layers?
The dura mater
Pia mater and arachnoid mater
What are the spaces between the meningeal layers?
The dura mater-Contains epidural spaces
The arachnoid mater contains -Subepidural spaces
The pia mater contains subdural spaces
What is the significance of the spaces between the meningeal layers?
Epidural spaces contain areolar,adipose and Bvs
Subacrachnoid contains CSF
The subdural contains BVs to the the spinal cord
How does the spinal taps work?
The work by the needle pucturing the dura mater to take out the CSF
The needle should be positioned in the subarachnaid near the caudia equina below l4and5
WHAT IS The organization of gray matter in the SC?
The gray matter surrounds the central camal and contains neurons and glial cells
*Contains groups of nuclei motor and sensory
-The posterior gray horns contains the sensory visceral neurons and anterior horns contains the the somatic motor neurons
*Gray commissures contains axons of interneurons that criss from one side of the cord to the other
*Lateral gray horns contain viceceral motor neurons
What is the nervous system divided into?
The nervous system is divided into the Central nervous system (which has subdivisions being the brain and the spinal cord)
Then further division is the Peripheral nervous system (Which the subdivision is the Autonomic Nervous system which is divided into the efferent and afferent nerves(subdivision being the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system)
Then the somatic nervous system
What is the function of the nervous system?
The function is to recieve sensory input from external and internal changes.Then for integration which is interpretation of sensory input and then Motor output which activates effector organs like muscles and glands.
What does the central nervous system consist of?
*The brain and spinal cord along side blood vessels,neural tissue and connective tissue
What is the function of the central nervous system?
*processes and controls sensory input from outside and inside the body
*Involved on higher intelligence,memory and language
*Controls activities of organs
What is the function of the Pwriferal nervous system?
Carries motor commands to peripheral tissue
And delivers sensory information to the CNS
What are the functions of the Nerves?
They are also known as peripheral nerves, which carry sensory information and motor commands. These nerves are divided into the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
They are defined as a bundle of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels
What are the divisions of the Peripheral nervous system?
The divisions are the afferent nervous system
-Which is involved in carrying sensory information
From the PNS to the CNS
The Efferent nervous system
Which carries motor commands
Carrying from the CNS to the PNS
The diffrent between the Somatic and Motor nervous system?
The SNS is involved in the involuntary and voluntary muscle contractions
And has skeletal muscles as effectors
Then ANS is involved in subconscious actions such and glandular secretions and cardiac muscle contraction
Abd has smooth,cardiac and glands as effectors
What is the diffrence between the efferent pathways in the ANS AND SNS?
ANS -Contains heavy thick myelinated motor fiber which makes up the pathway from the CNS to the muscle
Then the PNS which contains preganglionic fibers which are light and thinly myelinated in the CNS
Then ganglionic neurons that has unmyelinated postganglionic axons that run to the effector muscle or organ
What are the neurotransmitter Effects?
SNS
Release ACh(Aceytalcholine)
Effect is always stimulatory
ANS
Preganglionic fibersRelease Acetylcholine
Postganglionic Release Acetylcholine or norepinephrine to the effector
The effect is sometimes stimulators or inhibitory depending on the receptors
What are the parts of the brain?
The Cerebrum which is the largest part of the brain
Has two divisions and lobes which are the Parietal,frontal,occipital and temporal lobe)
The brainstem
The Medulla oblongate(Regulares the heart,breathing,coughing.the involuntary actions)
The Pons-Sleeping and Respiratory center
The midbrain which is an important part in auditory pathways to the cns
The cerebellum
Produces fine movements,balance and posture along with locomotion
The Dicephalon
Divided into the subthalamus(assists in controlling motor functions)
and hypothalamus(ANS control,temperature regulation,assists in the sleep wake cycle)along with the thalamus (largest part of the dicephalon,Influences mood and actions of rage or fear)and epithalamus (controls and regulates the sleep wake cycle)
What is the diffrence between the limbic system and basal nuclei?
The limbic system assists in memory,reproduction,emotions
And the basal nuclei assists in motor function control
How many ventricles are there?
2 lateral ventricles
The third and fourth ventricle
Therefore 4 ventricles
What is the importance of the choroid plexus?
The importance is to secrete cerebrospinal fluid and fills the 4 ventricles and parts of the brain and spinal cord
