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MicroBIology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who concluded that childbed fever resulted from un washed hands:

A

Iganz Semmelweis

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2
Q

What was the principal cause of death at the beginning of the 20th century:

A

Infectious diseases

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3
Q

Who discovered the unseen microbial world

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Who noted that many diseases were transmitted in a predictable pattern

A

G. Fracastoro

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5
Q

Whos research on rabies led to the development of vaccination

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

This man is accepted as the fater of the Germ Theory of Disease

A

Robert Koch

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7
Q

Who was the first to suggest that disease might be cause by invisible agents transmitted directly, or by fomites, or though the air:

A

G. Fracastoro

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8
Q

THe Prokarya is

A

No Membrane

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9
Q

Of the Eukaryotes, it can be said:

A

Membrane bound

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10
Q

Classification of the three domains of life, prokarya, archae, eukarya, is based on

A

base sequences RNA segment of ribosomes

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11
Q

Concerning the use of the binomial system of taxonomy

A

Species names always begin with lower case letters

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12
Q

What is the glycocalyx and what role does it play in bacteria.

A

Protection and attachment layer made up of polysaccharides, Slime layer

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13
Q

Why are members of the Genera Bacillus and Clostridium so resistant to environmental stress

A

Because they are bacterial endospores which allows them to be ametabollic and not require any nutrition

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14
Q

Bacterial genetics includes HORIZONTAL as well as vertical processes. Name and describe three process of horizontal genetic exchange in bactera.

A

Conjugation-Transfer of DNA from cell to cell
Transformation-Transfer of naked DNA into cell(cell to enviorment)
Trasduction-DNA from bacteriophage into cell

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15
Q

What is POG, and how is it different from plant cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan, alternating polysaccharide chins. N-acetylyglucosamine and N-acetyimuramicacid linked by peptide. It lets the cell constrict & expand. Thick cell wall

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16
Q

What are plasmids:

A

Self replicating cells that contain DNA

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17
Q

What rold do they play in bacterial genetics

A

They are part of the normal method of replication (Conjugation

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18
Q

The Germ Theory of Disease was firmly established when it was conclusively demonstrated that the disease known as Anthrax was cuased by this bacterial species

A

Bacilius anthriseis

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19
Q

What was Edward Jenner’s contribution to disease prevention:

A

He developed the idea of vaccination and was able to prove it worked, used milk maids to prevent small pox

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20
Q

GIve examples of the non-specific immunologic barriers to infection

A

Anatomic-SKin
Physiologic-Temp and pH
Endocytic- Cells inside body, Keep bacteria outside
Inflammatory- “redness and swelling with Heat and Pain”

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21
Q

What is meant by “normal Flora”

A

A bacteria that is helpful or common to the body

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22
Q

How is “normal FLora a protective barrier of disease

A

It helps to crowd out the harmful bacteria

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23
Q

Where is “normal flora” located

A

Skin, mucous membranes, gut

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24
Q

Name three characteristic of the epidermis that make it and effective barrier to infection

A

Salty surface, Frequent dequimation, No blood vessels, dry, acidic

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25
What is Koch's first postulate
Infected tissue must show presence of particular microoganism not found in healthy animals
26
What is Koch's second postulate
Microorganism must be isolated & grow in pure culture
27
What is Kroch's 3rd postulate
When injected into healthy animal, microorganism must cause associated disease
28
What is Kroch's 4th postulate
"second generation" microorganism should be isolated & be identical to the first.
29
What characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria make all of them potentially pathogenic
The lipopolysaccharide molecules on the cell that secreate Lipase A which makes TNF causeing sickness
30
What are the three different clinical diseases in humans that Anthrax can cause
Cutaneous Anthrax Intestinal Anthrax Pulmonary Anthrax
31
Which type of Anthrax is the most serious, and why?>
Pulmonary Anthrax, it effect breathing and causes shock almost always resulting in death
32
What are antibodies
A blood protein produced in response to & counteracting a specific antigen
33
Where do antibodies come from
Produced by plasma B cells
34
Name the different types of Antibodies
IgM IgG IgA IgE
35
What is meant by humoral immunity?
It means antibody
36
What type of cells of immune system are involved
Plasma cells (B-cells) they produce antibodies
37
What is the difference between T4 and T8 lymphocytes
T-4 are helpers cells, they coordinate the immune system and tell everything what to do T8 are the killer cells that take out disease
38
In protein synthesis, describe Transcription and Translation
Transcription- process where DNA is copied into RNA strand | Translation- RNA is made into a protein
39
Give examples of Active immunity
Vaccination, Pathogen exposure
40
Give an example of Passive immunity
Breast feeding, Transplacental, Gamma Globulin
41
What is immunological memory
The immune system remebers diseases from past events, THe body sets up antibodies and cytotoxic cellular reactants to get immune system ready
42
What types of cells do CD8+ cells kill
Intracellular pathogens Cancer cells Tissue graft rejection
43
How do CD4+ cells regulate immune functions
They control the production of anitbodies. THey are the coordinators of the Immune systme and tell everything else what to do.
44
What does B-Lymphocyte, the plasma cell paly in immunity
THey produce antibodies
45
Transformation is a form of horizontal gene transfer, how is this accomplised
Naked DNA from a lysed cell is taken up into a new cell and intergrated into is DNA
46
In order for conjugation to take place, this specific extra-genomic DNA particle is required
F-plasmids
47
F-plasmids contain genes for construction what structure
F-pilus
48
What was Henle's conclustion regarding Pasteur's work with "sick wines" how did this contribute to the Germ Theory of Disease
He concluded that if one bacteria could cause "sick wines",l a single bacteria could also cause a certain human disease
49
What is an endotoxin
It is a lipoplysaccharide which is a major component of the outer cell membrane of Gram negative bacteria
50
What are the characteristics of the primary immune response
Takes 7-12 days response
51
Why is secondary immune response much faster
THe memory mechanisms allows the body to produce antibodies much faster, usually 3-4 days
52
Why do so many infectious disease share the same general symptoms (known as "flu-like" name three of these
Fever, Malaise, Headach
53
Such symptoms are due to system affects of these Cytokins, that come from?
TNF, comes from Leukocytes
54
Name 3 tissues where macrophages are found in great abundance?
Lungs, Skin, Stomach
55
Louis Pasteur developed an experimental vaccine in rabbits against what serious disease
Rabies
56
Since we breath in air filled with dust, pollen why dont these materials accumulate in the lungs
The cilia sweep outh bacteria that is stuck in mucus
57
Why are smokers so susceptible to lung infections.
It killse there Cilia and makes it harder to make mucus
58
What part of the antibody molecule is specific for a given antigen
Antigen connecting Fragment (FAC)
59
What part of the antibody has various cells of the immune system attach
C Fragment (FC)
60
Translate this Latin phrase into English: "rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore"
Redness and swelling with heat and pain | This is a discription of Inflammation
61
Why do males generally suffer fewer urinarly tract infections that femals
Their urethra is longer making it harder for bacteria to travel up with out being flushed out
62
How does vasodilation result in rubor and calore
Capillaries become larger allowing more blood flow, which makes skin appear red, blood is heated and with higher concentration you get more heat
63
How does marginalization and diapedesis contribute to edema or tumor
WHen lymphocytes move to walls of cells or move out of cells it cause swelling in the tissues
64
How do aspirin and ibuprofen work to reduce cold-like symptoms of infections
They block the prostoglandisn which prevern thos symptoms from appearing
65
Hemolytic diseas of the new-born is know as
Erythroblastosis fetalis
66
How do vaccines work
When we take the specific disease causing bacteria and inject a small amount into a human this generates a primary immune response where the immune system is stronger so it can destroy that bacteria while still creating anitbodies against that bacteria and commiting it to memory so that the next tiem the bacteria is introduce into the body a secondary immune response will take place creating a faster response time

MicroBIology (5 decks)

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