Test 2 Notes Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Why do bacteria cause disease?
A
Because they are toxic
2
Q
Bacteria cause disease by generating a bewildering array of factors that allow colonization an promote growth at the expense of host what are they?
A
They make toxic substances
They do it so they can colonize and grow
They only cause damage if they grow
3
Q
What are the general aspects of Toxins
A
They Promote colonization
They gain entry into cells (looking for nutrients)
They help avoid host immune mechanism
Have families of Virulence factors
4
Q
How do toxins help avoidance of host immune system
A
They have ways to neutralize the immune system
5
Q
What are the 2 groups of Toxins
A
Endo Toxin
Exo Toxin
6
Q
How many kinds of Endotoxins are there?
A
Only 1
7
Q
What is the only kind of Endotoxin
A
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
8
Q
What is an Endotoxin
A
It is a toxin that is actually part of the bacteria
9
Q
What is Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A
It is Lipid A as the anchor with many polysaccharide (sugar) behind it
10
Q
How does Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) work?
A
It releases when bacteria binds to macrophage.
This makes the macrophage release IL-1 and TNF. Thes cause flu like symptoms of Fever, Malaise, Myalgia, rigors, and shock
11
Q
What does the Macrophage release when Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is released by the bacteria into it?
A
IL-1 and TNF
12
Q
What does IL-1 and TNF cause when the macrophage releases it due to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) being released by the bacteria?
A
IL-1 and TNF cause Flue like symptoms of Fever, Malaise, Myalgia, Rigors, and Shock.
13
Q
What impact does LPS then have on the medical world.
A
All Medical supplies must be sterilized and free of LPS or it would cause these flu like symptoms.
14
Q
How do they Test for LPS?
A
They inject into rabbits and see if it causes a fever.
15
Q
Why do Antibiotics make you feel worse at first?
A
When you get antibiotics it kills all the bacteria causing them to shed the LPS when they die. This starts the release of iL-1and TNF into the system causing the flu like symptoms that make you feel worse.
16
Q
Where is LPS found?
A
Only on Gram-Negative surface components
17
Q
That is an Exotoxin?
A
Toxins that are secreted free from the bacteria
18
Q
How many kinds of exotoxins are there
A
100’s of different kinds
19
Q
What are some of the main kids of Exotoxins
A
Classical A/B toxins
Exotoxins as pores
Superantigens
Immune Avoidance
20
Q
What is Bacteriemia
A
It is when the bacteria is growing in the system
21
Q
What is toxemia
A
It is when no bacteria is present but their toxins are still there
22
Q
Generally what are Exotoxins
A
Enzymes or Pores
23
Q
What is the purpose of Exotoxins
A
They promote bacterial colonization or reproductions by providing nutrients, they do this by killing our cells so bacteria can get our nutrients
24
Q
What is a Classical A/B toxin
A
One of the many exotoxins with 2 parts a B-domain and an A-domain
25
What is the B-domain of an A/B toxin
This is the binding site, it controls to what type of cells the exotoxin can bind to.
26
What is the A-domain of an A/B toxin
It is the active portion. Determines how the toxin effects the cell.
27
What is an example of how different A/B toxins can effect us
Tetanus vs. Botulinum
| Tetanus paralyses you, where botulinum makes you very relaxed like a noodle
28
How are Tetanus and Botulinum different
Tetanus paralyses you, where botulinum makes you like noodle. They have the exact same A-domain, but their B-domain is very different
So it does the same things to the cells, but the cells it attacks are different
29
What is an Cytotoxins-
They are exotoxin that act like pores, and they lyse (kill) cells
30
What are some of the different Cytotoxins?
Hemolysins, Leukolysins, Neurotoxins, Enterotoxins, Cytolysins
31
What is a Hemolysins
They lyse RBC's
32
What is a Leukolysins
They lyse WBC's
33
What is a Neurotoxins
They lyse Nerve cells
34
What is a Enterotoxins
Gut Toxins
35
What is a Cytolysins
They Lyse general cells
36
What is a Superantigen?
Another group of Exotoxin, that cross links MHC-II to CD4+ so the body thinks there is an antigen that it needs to get ride of. But there isnt one so the body waist enrgy trying to fix when a real illness will sneak in and get us. The body produces excess amounts of iL-1 and TNF.
37
Where does super antigens occur?
In the Lympnodes and spleen
38
What is the Net result of Superantigens?
Poly T-Cell stimmulation, excess amounts of iL-1 and TNF-a. Resulting in Non Spacific hyperstimulation
39
What are the two things bing croxx linked by a superantigen
MHC-II and CD4+
40
What are examples of diseases caused by Superantigens
Staph TSST-1
41
Why is Immune Avoidance so important to bacteria
If they cant avoid our Immune responce they are ineffective and will be destroyed
42
What are 4 ways bacteria have immune avoidance
Cloaking devises
Capsules
Anti-Immunity factors
Antigenic variation
43
How does cloaking devises allow immune avoidance
They cover themselves with something so the immune system doesn't respond to them
44
What is symbiosis
Study of organism that are living together
45
What is mutualism
Both organism benefit
46
What is Commensalism
One organism benefits and the other is unaffected
47
What is Parasitism
On organism benefits at the expense of the other
48
What is pathogenic:
Able to cause disease, but it doesn't have to
49
What is Pathogenesis
It is the unfolding of the disease process
50
What is virulence:
Degree of pathogenicity ( how bad is the ability to cause disease)
51
What is an infection:
When a Microbe grows on or within a host
| **it has nothing to do with disease
52
What is a clinical Infection
When signs and symptoms are present
53
What is a subclinical Infection
No signs and symptoms present
54
What is a disease:
It is the disruption of normal function, It is something out of the ordinary
55
Do we treat disease or infections
WE do not treat infections we Treat DISEASES
56
What are 3 steps that every pathogen must do to cause an infection?
1) Tissue Invasion (they must get into you)
2) Colonization (They have to grow)
3) Immune avoidance) They have to avoid our defense)
57
What is Epidemiology
Field of Disease Detectives
58
Endemic
Place where disease is always found
59
Epidemic
If numbers of disease cases exceed the number of expected cases
60
Pandemic
More disease than expected on a global basis
61
Morbidity
How many people have disease in a given population
62
Mortality
How many people die that get the disease
63
Communicable
Passed from 1 person to another
64
Non-communicalbe
When it is not passed from person to person
65
Acute
Rapid onset, for a short duration
66
Chronic
Slow to develop but last long time
67
Subclinical
No symptoms to infection but can figure out if you work hard enough
68
Latent
You will never find the disease
69
Reservoir
Living thing that is the source of the disease, not all have this but they can have many of them
70
Vector
(normally Arthropod) Living transmitter of the disease
71
Carrier
Have no symptoms but carry the disease
72
Opportunistic agent
non-pathogen, but if opportunity presents itself can cause disease
73
Compromised host-
Something happens to host that compromises our normal barriers to stop disease
74
What are the 5 F's
Fingers, Feces, Food, Fomites(non-living transmitters, ie door knobs, chewed pencils) Flies
75
What are 2 types of vector tansmission?
Mechanical Vectors
| Biological Vectors
76
What is Mechanical Vectors
Something that physically carries the disease agents from the source to the host, via body parts (hair, feet)
77
What is an example of a Mechanical Vector
```
Musca Domestica (FLY)
Cockroaches
```
78
What is the King of all Mechanical Vectors
Musca domestica (FLY)
79
What is a biological Vector
It is a disease transmitter, the pathogen must have lifecycle in host
80
What is an example of Biological Vectors
Arthropods(fleas, ticks, lice, mosquitoes)
81
What is the most important disease vectors
Mosquitoes
82
What are the Natural Habitats for bacteria
Soil: does not naturally contain but is contaminated with
Water: Does not naturally contain but is contaminated
Air:
83
What are the 3 reasons Outdoor air is healthier than Indoor
1) Dryer
2) Filled with UV light from sun
3) O-zone, O2 in form of O3
84
What is Zoonosis
Human disease with an animal Source
| Rabies is an example
85
What is Normal FLora
Bacteria that has adapted to normal conditions, it crowds out other bacteria
86
What is the sewer of the body
Mouth: it contains 20 different kinds of Bacteria
87
What is a Nosocomial Infection
It is an infection derived from the hospital
88
What is Chemotherapy:
When you apply chemicals to solve a problem
| ***Not always cancer****
89
What is a Synthetic Agent?
Antibiotics that we make
90
What are 4 modes of Antibiotics:
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibit Protein synthesis
Inhibit Nucleic acid Metabolism
Alter cell Membrane Permeability
91
What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Penems
92
What antibiotics Inhibit protein synthesis
50s
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol
30s
Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides
93
What antibiotics inhibit Nucleic acid Metabolism
Quinolones, rifampin, sulfa drugs
94
What antibiotics alter cell membrane permeablility
Nystatin
Amphotericin B
Polymyxin
95
What is the active ingredient in all penicilins
6-APA
96
What are the 3 benifits to modifiing the fomrs of penicillin
Longer shelf-life
Acid Resistance
Broader spectrum
**can do both Gram+and -
97
What does B-Lactam Penicillin do
It inhibits cross-linking of peptidoglycan by preventing addition of acetylmuamic acid
98
What is Cephalosporins
Like penicillin, but is fungal-derived
It inhibits the cross-linking of petidoglycan
Way more expensive than penicillin
99
Who discovered the first antibiotics
Flemming
100
Who made antibiotics a medical reality
Florey & Chain
101
When was the golden age of discover
1953 to 1956
| Produced 15 new antibiotics a year
102
How is the discovery of antibiotics today
Of 10,000 new microorganisms you are lucky if get 1
103
What is Staphylococcus spp
One of the most common of all bacteria associated with humans and importan pathogens
104
Where is staph Normal Flora
Skin, upper respiratory tract, vagina, intestines
105
What are 3 pathogenic spp of Staph
Staph aureus
Staph. epidermidis
Staph. Saprophyticus
106
What is Staph. Aureus
Produces coagulase (makes clots so immune system cant get to it) like pimples
107
What is Staph. Epidermidis
Most common organism on skin
108
What is the most common organism on skin
Staph. Epidermidis
109
What is Staph. Saprophyticus
Often implicated in urinary tract infections
110
Pyo
Pus forming
| Puss is sticky liquid made up of dead cells
111
Pyro
Fever
112
What are 3 pyogenic cocci
Pyo=pus forming
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Pneumococci
113
What are 2 virulence factors of staph:
Enzymes:
| Staph Toxins
114
What enzymes are present in staph
```
Catalase
Coagulase
Hyaluronidase
DNAases
Lipases
Penicillinases
```
115
What is Catalase
Interferes with phagocytic lysis
116
What is Coagulase
Forms clots
117
What is Hyaluronidase
Allows tissue penetration
118
What is DNAases-
Disolve DNA
119
What is Lipases
Disovle Fat
120
What is Penicillinase
Disolve Penicilin
121
What are 4 Staph Toxins
Cytotoxic Toxins
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Exfoliative Toxin
Entertoxins
122
What are Cytotoxic Toxins
5 Cytolsins: Lyse RBC, WBC, Tissue Necrosis
123
What is Toxic Shock Syndrome
Tsst-1
| Causes fever, Hypotension (low Blood Pressure) and rash
124
What is exfoliative toxin
Seperates the epidermis from the dermis so skin falls off
125
What is Entertoxins
They are stomach toxins *5 kinds)
| Most food poisoning is from these toxins
126
Are all Toxins of staph dangerus
No ther are many kinds and some in 1 person is fine but if transmitted to another it is pathogenic
127
What are the 2 major bactera spots in body
```
Anterior nares (tips of nose
Skin
```
128
What is an endogenous infection
They come from our self, Toxin is ok on skin but when moved to mouth it can be pathogenic
129
What is a nosocomial infection
One that is gained in a hospital enviorment
130
What are 2 reasons for Nosocomial infections
1) Health workers have high carrier rates
| 2) Hospitalized patients are often Immunocompromised
131
What are some superfical infections from staphylococcus
Furuncles (boils)
Carbuncles
Impetigo
Sound and burn infections
132
What is a furuncle
Boils (like a zit)
133
What is a Carbuncle
THey spread subcutaneously, cause fevers and are far more serious than Furuncles
134
What is impetigo
a breakout of skin infection,
| Can be cause by strept or Staph
135
What is Scalded skin syndrome
Exfoliation, the speration of the epidermis from dermal layers
136
What is Toxic Shock Syndrome
TssT-1
| Fevers, rash diarrhea, Marked desquamation(skin falls off)
137
What is Staph aureus
Produces conagulase that create clots
| Any tissue can be infected with S. aureus
138
What is Staph Epidermidis
(most common skin flora)
Contaminates catheters, sugery
Is a slime producer( causes biofiml on prostetics)
139
What is S. Saprophyticus
Common cause of UTI(urinary tract infections)
Causes Dysuria(difficulty urinating)
Also forms biofilms on Prosthetics but less often than Staph Epidermidis
140
How do we treat staph infections
They are Penicillin resistance, because plasmid coded penicillinase
The only drug that is useful is Vancomycin, and Cephalosporins, which inhibit cell wall synthesis
141
What drugs is mainly used in treatment of Staph infections
Vancomycin- inhibits cell wall synthesis
142
What is a difference between Staph and Strep
Staph is localized where Strep spreads
| But both are Gram + Cocci
143
What are the Virulence factors to Strept
Extracellular enzymes
Cytolysins
M-Protein on Fimbraie
Pyrogenic exotoxins (pyro=fever)
144
What is streptokinase:
They dissolve clots to allow bacteria to spread
145
What is Streptolysins S & O
O acts as superantigens
| S lyse RBC, WBC... ETC
146
What is an autoimmune disease-
Our immune system attacks our own cells
| *Rhumaphoid arthritis is cause by strep
147
What is Necrotizing Fasciitis
Flesh eating strep
148
What are the diseases caused by Strept. Pyogenes, Group A
Pyogens(Puss generator
* Strept Pharyngitis(throat)
* Nasal, Pharyngeal, anal carriers
149
What are some symptoms of Strep Pharyngitis(throat)
Inflammation of Throat
Exudate(fluid escaped from blood vessels) covers tonsils and make it yellow
Fevers, sore throath, Malaise(Lethargy) Headach
150
How do we treat Strep
Always very agressivly because of bad consequences of long term strep
Treat with Penicillin or Erythromycin(this is unlike Staph)
151
How do we test for Strep
Rapid Direct Test for Strep Pyogens
| You take a throat swab and mixe it with latex beeds coated with MAb against S. Pyognes
152
What 2 things do you mix with Strep test
Throat swab with Latex beads coated with MAb
153
Why dont we see much of scarlet fever anymore
Because we aggressively treat strep thoat
154
What are the symptoms of Scaret Fever
Pyrogenic-cytotoxic
Scarlet rash
Strawberry tongue
Desquamation(splits epidermis from dermis so skin falls off)
155
What is Puerperal sepsis
Child-bed fever
156
What are some invasisve strept infections
Erysipelas (erys=red)(pelas=skin)
| Cellulitis (below skin tissue
157
What is Erysipelas
Red Skin
| Its a dermal infection that has marked margins(you can see where infection begins and ends)
158
What are some examples of Cellulitis
Depper tissues
Necrotizing fascitis
Toxic Shock Like
159
What does septicemic mean
Spreading
160
What is necrosis
means cell death bappens when blood vessels are damaged and cells dont get the nutrients they need
161
What is Streptococcus pneumonia (lungs)
One of the most significant human pathogens
Was the leading cause of death before antibiotics, still among top 10
causes 60-70% of bacterial pneumonias
Also cuase majority of Otitis Media(middle ear infections)
162
what is Otitis media
Middle ear infections
163
Why happends as pneumococci grow
They in duce a acute inflammatory respons, where Exudate fills lungs with fluid
164
What is Exudate
Plasma from circulatory system
165
How do we get Pneumonia
In most cases, the source is endogenous (you get it from yourself) but aerosols transmission is common
166
What are the most common predisposing factors of Pneumonia
```
Damage of respiratory tract by viral infections
Toxic gases (smoking)
Alcohol abuse
Cronic renal disease
Diabetes
```
167
How do you treat Pneumonia
With penicillin or erythromycin if allergic to penicillin
168
Is their a vaccine for Pneumonia
Yes but it is only given to populations at risk
169
WHat is the #1 cause of tooth decay
Strep, acids that deminerlize teeth
170
What is Rheumatic Fever (RF)
Symptoms include carditis, abnormal EKG, painful arthritis, fever
Severe carditis can result in permanent damage to heart valves
* is responsible for 15,000 deaths a year in US
171
What is Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
Kidney damage may be cause by cross-reacting antibidies (type II and Type III)
Is number 1 cause of kidney trsplants
172
What is the role of strep "m" proteins
Cross-reacting with heart and kidney cell antigens
