Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
List the 4 major environments
A
Marine, Estuaries, Freshwater, Terrestrial
2
Q
In which environment did life originate?
A
Marine
3
Q
Where is most animal life found today?
A
Marine
4
Q
Estuaries are ____ ____ coastal, interaction of ____ and ____ environments, brackish, ____ influence, and ____ rich.
A
low lying, fresh, marine, tidal, nutrient
5
Q
Running freshwater is known as ____.
A
lotic
6
Q
Standing freshwater is known as _____.
A
lentic
7
Q
Body size of freshwater fluctuates due to these 4 reasons.
A
temperature, dissolved gasses, pH, and salinity
8
Q
Terrestrial environments are most _____ due to ____ ____ and ____.
A
severe, temperature extremes, moisture
9
Q
Respiration: aquatic vs. terrestrial
A
- internal/external gills, body surface
- lungs, tracheal system (internalization)
10
Q
Excretion: terrestrial vs. aquatic (What do they excrete?)
A
- urea
- ammonia
11
Q
Fertilization: aquatic vs. terrestrial
A
external
internal
12
Q
Development: terrestrial vs. aquatic
A
often internal, can be external
external
13
Q
Characteristics of animals (8)
A
lack of cell wall, multicellular eukaryotes, membrane bound organelles, heterotrophic, motility, diploid, specialization of cells, most capable of locomotion at some point in life
14
Q
Define invertebrate
A
an animal without a backbone
15
Q
What does protozoa mean?
A
the very first animals
16
Q
Why are animals referred to as metazoans?
A
the animals that came after the first animals
17
Q
What are protozoa invertebrates?
A
Some consider them unicellular invertebrates but they are not true animals.
18
Q
Define taxonomy
A
a branch of systematics that deals with naming, describing, and classifying organisms
19
Q
Define systematics
A
the study of diversity and evolutionary relationships
20
Q
To determine evolutionary relationship we depend on (3)
A
fossils, similarities in body plan, and patterns of development
21
Q
The earliest known animal fossils are called _____.
A
Ediacaran
22
Q
The relatively sudden appearance of most of the existing phyla of animals has been named the ____ ____.
A
Cambrian Explosion
23
Q
Define classification
A
assigning organisms into groups based on similarities
24
Q
What is the goal of systematics?
A
to reconstruct phylogeny
25
Define phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor.
26
Define symmetry
arrangement of body structures in relation to the body axis
27
In radial symmetry, many planes can be drawn through the _____ axis; each divides the animal into ___ ___ images.
central, two mirror
28
_____ is the concentration of nervous and sensory tissues and organs at one end of an animal; evolved with bilateral symmetry.
Cephalization
29
_____ and _____ are closely related because they share radial symmetry. Most other animals show bilateral symmetry.
Cnidarians and ctenophores
30
In cephalization, the head of the animal is its ____ end, and the opposite end is its ___ end. The animal has _____ and _____ halves that are mirror images of each other.
anterior, posterior, right/left
31
A diploblasitc has only the _____ and _____ germ layers.
ectoderm and endoderm
32
A triploblastic has ____, _____, and ____. Most of the invertebrate phyla are classified here.
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
33
The ectoderm is the ____ layer. What is its function?
outer, to give rise to the body covering, nervous system
34
The _____ is the inner layer. It lines the gut and other digestive organs.
endoderm
35
The middle layer is called the ____. What is its function?
mesoderm, it gives rise to most other body structures
36
Acoelomate = ____ body cavity. An example of this are _____.
no, flatworms
37
______ = a body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm. An example of this would be _____.
Pseudocoelomate, roundworms
38
An animal with a true body coelom is known as a _____. Examples of this include ____, ____, ____, and ____.
coelomate; molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and beagles
39
A ____ is a fluid filled space between the body wall and the digestive tube.
coelum
40
Protostomes form their _____ before their ____; which is why they are also known as "_____ ____."
mouths, anus, first mouth
41
_____ form their anus before they form their mouths. Therefore, they are called " _____ _____."
Deuterostomes, second mouth
42
Examples of protostomes include ____, ____, and ____.
molluscs, annelids, arthopods
43
An example of a deuterostome is a ____.
human
44
A _____ is an opening from the embryonic gut to the outside.
blastopore
45
In protostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the _____.
mouth
46
In _____, the blastopore may become the anus and the mouth will form somewhere else.
deuterostomes
47
Protostomes undergo _____ cleavage while deuterostomes undergo _____ cleavage.
spiral, radial
48
Deuterostomes have early cell divisions either _____ or at ___ ____ to the polar axis while protostomes have early cell divisions _____ to the polar axis.
parallel, right angles, diagonal
49
In deuterostomes, cells lie _____________________.
directly above or below one another
50
Protostomes undergo ______ cleavage while deuterostomes undergo ______ cleavage.
determinate, indeterminate
51
In _____ cleavage, the fate of each embryonic cell is fixed very early.
determinate
52
In _____ cleavage, the fate of each embryonic cells is more flexible.
indeterminate
53
_______ _______ confirmed much of the animal phylogeny based on structure and developmental characteristics.
Molecular systematics
54
Molecular systematics tell us that not all animal body plans evolved from ____ to _____.
simple, complex
55
Molecular Systematics cant do three things. What are they?
reveal exact steps as one group gave arise to another, tell selective pressures that caused changes, and tell us what ancestral animals looked like.
56
Lophotrochoza are ____/____ animals.
crest/wheel
57
Ecdysozoa are animals _____ _____.
that molt
58
The _____ is a ciliated organ around the mouth used for collecting food and gas exchange.
lophophore
59
_____ _____ allow biologist with different languages to communicate about organisms.
Scientific names
60
_____ _____ came up with the hierarchical system of classification in 1758.
Carolus Linnaeus
61
What is the order of classification that Carolus came up with?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
62
Members of a species share a ____ ____.
gene pool
63
Each species name has two parts. What are they?
Genus name and specific epithet
64
Species: Psilotreata rossi Wallace, 1970 and Psilotreata indecisa (Walker, 1852)
Why is Walker in () and Wallace not? What are the years for?
Walker's species has been moved to a different genus since he named it. When they named it.
65
_____ insist that taxa be monophyletic.
Cladistics
66
_____ are shared derived characters.
Synapomorphies
67
Cladistics use _______ to determine relationships.
Synapomophies
68
____ consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants.
Clades
69
_____ are used to show which taxa shared a common ancestor and how recently they shared it.
Cladograms
70
Nodes show ___________
divergence of groups from a common ancestor.
71
The most recent common ancestor of each _____ _____ is found at the node.
monophyletic group
72
________ ___________ determines which characters in a given group of taxa are ancestral and which are derived.
Outgroup analysis
73
_____ are taxon that represents ancestral condition. They diverged earlier than other taxa investigated.
Outgroups
74
What is monophyletic?
1 phyla
75
Which is considered to be good: monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?
Polyphyletic
76
In searching for the origins of animal life, what lines of evidence have been used?
fossils
77
What systems/abilities do sponges lack? (6)
muscles, limbs, brain, definitive shapes, movement (for the most part), and a nervous system
78
What abilities do sponges have? (5)
cologen, sucking in water and filtering out food particles, "hearts," central cavity, and sperm/eggs
79
What materials are used to give sponges their rigidity and form?
Spicules and cologen
80
How old are the ancient sponge fossils found in China?
550 million years old
81
What evidence has been used to conclude that sponges are at the base of the animal tree?
Fossils and genetic sequences
82
The Poriferan classification incudes 4 classes. What are they?
Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha
83
Class Calcarea have skeletons of _____ ________.
calcium carbonate
84
Class Demospongiae have skeletons of _______ _____, _____, and/or _____.
spongin protein, chitin, silica
85
Class Hexactinellida have skeletons of ____ and _____.
silica and chitin
86
Class Homoscleromorpha mostly lack ____ but, if present, are made of _____.
spicules, silica
87
In what way are cindarians more complex than sponges? What characteristics did they add? (7)
movement, sensitive tentacles, predatory, mouth, muscles, stomach, and nerves
88
What do these additions allow cnidarians to do?
capture food, digestion, compete
89
Name and describe the two different versions of the cnidarian body plan.
Medusa - bell shaped
| Stalk like with trailing tails
90
What are nematocysts? What do they do?
explosive cells found on the tail of jelly fish, capture and kill prey
91
If the pulsing of a jellyfish isn't only for locomotion, what else does it do?
help capture prey
92
How do animals without brains perform and control their activities?
nerve network - receive and respond to stimuli
93
What kind of skeleton does an anemone have, and how does it work? How is it different from the human skeleton?
Hydrostatic
Movements - circular, long
Put together, push against water to move
Human - skeletal frame, muscles pull to move
94
______ sponges filter water to feed so, they are thought to be good indicators of pollution.
Freshwater
95
______ contain cells from which new sponges grow. This is a type of _____ reproduction.
Gemmules, asexual
96
Most sponges are _________. This means there is not a distinct male and female.
hermaohrodites
97
Some sponges are ________ to form sperm, others eggs but, these are usually made at different times so they cross-fertilize with other sponges.
archaeocytes
98
Where does fertilization and early development of a sponge take place?
mesohyl
99
Bacteria sometimes make up __% of a sponges volume.
40
100
What are microbes doing for sponges?
Some microbes house blue-green algae which probably provides sugar to the sponge. Some microbes may help defend the sponges from disease causing bacteria.
101
What are sponges doing for microbes?
Some sponges pass on microbes, like blue green algae, to offspring via sperm and eggs.
102
One species of Phylum _____ has been described?
Placozoa.
103
Placozoans are structurally _____ but genetically ____.
simple, complex
104
Where are plazoans placed on the phylogenetic tree?
between the sponges and cnidarians
105
Cnidarians are characterized by: (5)
radial symmetry, two tissue layers, tentacles around mouth, one opening for digestive system, cnidoblasts
106
What is a cidoblast?
a cell containing nematocysts
107
What is a cnidocyte?
a fully developed cnidoblast
108
What are the two body shapes of cnidarians?
polyp form and medusa form
109
The polyp form of cnidarians have a ____ body, ____ mouth, and are usually _____.
tubular, dorsal, stationary
110
The medusa form of cnidarians look like an _____ ____, they have a ____ mouth which means it is on the lower surface, and they usually _____.
upside-down cup, ventral, swim
111
Cnidarians are _____, meaning they have two definite tissue layers.
diploblastic
112
Amoebocytes are found in the ______. They are in things like _____, _____ and ____ _____, and ____ ____.
mesoglea, digestion, storing, moving nutrients, repairing wounds
113
____ were the first active predators.
Cnidarians
114
Cnidarians have two types of "muscle" cells. What are they? Why are they not true muscle cells?
epithelia and nutritive muscle, they are not from the mesoderm
115
Nutritive muscle can ____ ____ and are anchored in the ____.
capture food, mesoglea
116
Cnidarians get their name from specialized cells called _______. These contain stinging organelles called ____.
cnidoblasts, cnidae
117
What stimuli can trigger cnidoblasts? Modified cilia on the tigger, called _____, receive these stimuli.
chemical and physical, cnidocil
118
______ _______ is the force that causes a nematocyst to shoot a coiled, hollow thread to kill/capture prey.
Osmotic pressure
119
Class _____ are known as "true jellyfish."
Scyphozoa
120
Class Hydrozoa are considered to be _____ ____.
"other" jellyfish
121
Corals and sea anemones fall in to Class _____, while sea wasps fall into Class ______.
Anthozoa, Cubozoa
122
There are around _____ species in Phylum Cnidaria.
11,000
123
____% of all cnidarians are anthozoans and _____% are marine.
70, 99.8
124
Two additional Classes to Phylum Cnidaria are ______and _____.
Myxozoa & Staurozoa
125
Class Myxozoa has been added to Phylum Cnidaria fairly recently. This class has _____ species of parasites (mostly fish).
~2,000
126
Class Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) has _____ species and ____ % are marine, usually in _____ water.
a few hundred, 100, coastal
127
_____ is the dominate body form of Class Scyphozoa and Cubozoa.
Medusa
128
Class Cubozoa is known as the _____ jellyfish because it is ____ shaped.
box, square
129
Molecular data indicates that Class _____ is probably the most advanced of all cnidarians.
Cubozoa
130
Class Hydrozoa is mostly ____ but has some ____ species.
marine, freshwater
131
Most species of Class _____ alternate between the polyp and medusa stages but some species have only one or the other. The ____ form is most often the dominate stage.
Hydrozoa, polyp
132
There are _______ species of Class Hydrozoa.
less than 3,000
133
Class Anthozoa has no _____ stage and they are all _____.
medusa, marine
134
In Class Anthozoa, the ____ form produces the eggs and sperm. A fertilized egg develops into a ______ which attaches to form a new polyp.
polyp, planula
135
In Class Anthozoa, ______ _____ divide the g-v cavity which increases surface area for digestion.
vertical partitions
