Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Cteno = Greek for ______; phoros = _____
A
comb, bearing
2
Q
This group is often called the comb jellies or sea walnuts or sea gooseberries.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
3
Q
________ have eight “comb rows” of fused cilia arranged along the sides of the animal. These cilia beat synchronously in a wave pattern and propel ctenophores smoothly through the water. A beautiful iridescent rainbow pattern is produced by the diffraction of light passing between the cilia.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
4
Q
Some species move with a flapping motion of their lobes or undulations of the body. Many of these have two long tentacles, but some lack tentacles completely.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
5
Q
There are around 150 species of this Phylum; exclusively marine and live in all the world’s seas at all latitudes.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
6
Q
1 cm to 2 m in length. They are the largest of all animals that utilize the beating of cilia for locomotion.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
7
Q
They are planktonic – that is they drift with currents and only weakly swim (a few are bottom dwelling and creep around= benthic).
A
Phylum Ctenophora
8
Q
This phylum is entirely predacious – except for 1 parasitic sp. – eat small crustaceans, planktonic larvae of inverts (like oysters) & fish, may eat other ctenophores or cnidarians, some eat phytoplankton
A
Phylum Ctenophora
9
Q
Can live at the surface and all the way down to at least 3000 m
A
Phylum Ctenophora
10
Q
Most ___________ are: transparent, gelatinous (look like a cnidarian medusa), bioluminescent (due to chemical reactions which give off light), and fragile.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
11
Q
Because they are fragile, they are hard to capture with traditional sampling methods like trawling with nets. Until recently they were thought to be only moderately abundant but use of manned submersibles and SCUBA observations shows that they in fact make up a major portion of the planktonic biomass in a lot of areas.
A
Phylum Ctenophora
12
Q
comb bearing
A
Phylum Ctenophora
13
Q
What are the defining characteristics of Phylum Ctenophora?
A
Plates of fused cilia in rows (“combs” or “ctenes”)
Sticky prey-capturing cells (colloblasts)
14
Q
Even though they are grouped with the Cnidarians in the Radiata, unlike the Cnidarians the _______ are “biradially” symmetrical, rather than radially.
A
Ctenophores
15
Q
Ctenophores are located between what on the cladogram?
A
Cnidarians and flatworms
16
Q
Pleurobrachia sp. have 8 rows of _____ (comb rows; used for _______); move with mouth first – ciliar wave toward aboral end.
A
ctenes, locomotion
17
Q
Many _________ have retractile tentacles and sometimes a tentacle sheath.
A
Pleurobrachia sp.
18
Q
Which has a more extensively organized digestive system? Cnidarians or Ctenophore Pleurobrqchia
A
C. Pleurobrachia
19
Q
The mouth defines the oral pole of Pleurobrachia sp. (the other end of the animal is called _____)
A
aboral
20
Q
The mouth of Pleurobrachia sp. consists of a narrow slit, which leads into the ______. Extracellular digestion begins in here.
A
pharynx,
21
Q
After a Pleurobrachia’s extracellular digestion of food, Partially digested food is then __________ by complex systems of gastrovascular canals. These canals are lined with ______ cells that complete digestion of food materials intracellularly.
A
distributed throughout the body, endodermal
22
Q
The main g-v canal of C. Pleurobrachia ends in two small ____ ____; undigested wastes are released through the pores. This represents a step toward the evolution of a _______________.
A
anal pores, complete digestive tract
23
Q
The Apical sense organ of C. Pleurobrachia does what?
A
regulates the ctenes
24
Q
Colloblasts are on the _____ of Ctenophores. What do they help do?
A
tentacles, capture prey
25
Prey adheres to what of a colloblast cell?
sticky material
26
_____ (Class _____) (Order _____) are unlike the other orders of Ctenophores. They lack any kind of tentacles at all stages of the life cycle. These vicious beasts have the habit of using a large mouth to consume other comb jellies with reckless abandon.
Beroe, (Class Nuda) (Order Beroida)
27
This group is benthic and
| looks like a bit like sea slugs. Give Class and Order,
Class Tentaculata
| Order Platyctenida
28
Phylum Platyhelminthes: the _______
flatworms
29
This Phylum includes about 34,000 described species of free-living and parasitic worms – most are parasitic (more than 80%).
Platyhelminthes
30
The free-living flatworms (Class ______) live in marine and freshwater benthic habitats and a few are terrestrial.
Turbellaria
31
Which of the following are included in the Bilateria?
| Diploblastic, Triploblastic pseudocelomates, Triploblastic acoelomates, Triploblastic eucoelomates
all except the Diploblasts
32
More than 99% of animal species belong to the _____ group.
Bilateria
33
The remarkable success of the bilateral animals can be attributed to the evolution of adaptations that helped with what 3 things?
1) food capture (e.g. the first hunters), 2) escape from predators, and 3) reproduction.
34
Where are flat worms on the cladogram?
Between ctenophores and Nemerteans
35
Phylum Platyhelminthes are ______ animals with: _____ symmetry, _____ tissue layers, _____, and ______ organs.
acoelomate, bilateral, 3 definite, cephalization, well-developed
36
Most Platyhelminthes are _________ _________. They usually cross-fertilize, self-fertilization is rare.
simultaneous hermaphrodites
37
________ = loose group of cells with lots of different roles.
Parenchyma
38
The presence of fibrous muscular mesoderm provides ______ _____ and allows for kinds of ______ that isn’t possible in the diploblastic radially symmetrical animals like the cnidarians.
structural support, locomotion
39
Fancy reproductive systems evolved in the _________ that made it possible for internal fertilization. Also the evolution of osmoregulatory organs were essential for the flatworms to invade freshwater – why?
playthelminths, to conserve salts, and excrete excess water in a hypotonic environment
40
What phylum am I?
gas exchange across body, lack circulatory and respiratory system, have a central nervous system, 2 nerve cords along side, no anus, dorsoventrally flattened body
Platyhelminth
41
_____________ lack a distinctive head, typically have suckers or hooks for holding on to hosts, have a tegument, and have complicated life cycles
Parasitic Flukes and Tapeworms
42
Why do Parasitic Flukes and Flatworms lack a distinctive head?
They are surrounded by their food and threats don’t come a particular direction inside the host. Energy has been redirected from making a head to other more important activities.
43
Why do Parasitic Flukes and Flatworms lack a ciliated epidermis?
instead they have a resistant covering called the Tegument that gives protection against host antibodies and enzymes (for those that live in guts) and it allows for the absorption of food across the body wall.
44
What Class am I? All are internal parasites – hosts are mostly vertebrates, Scolex – for attachment to host, Body is divided into reproductive segments (proglottids), may be 2000-4000 proglottids per tapeworm, loss of digestive tract.
Class Cestoda
45
What Class are tapeworms in?
Cestoda
46
Class Trematoda are the ______.
flukes
47
What calss is cylindrical or leaf shaped?
Trematoda
48
Class Trematoda eat ________ so they have kept a well-developed gut..
hosts' tissue
49
Around how many people may be infected with either Chinese live flukes or another species?
20 million
50
Where do adult Chinese liver flukes live?
in the bile ducts of humans causing serious medical problems
51
What is the species name of the Chinese liver fluke?
Clonorchis
52
The common name for Fasciola hepatica is what?
Sheep liver flukes
53
Schistosoma is the scientific name for what?
Blood flukes
54
Name this class. All parasitic in blood vessels of mammals/birds, requires two hosts – snail and vertebrate, no metacercaria or redia stage, Cercaria produced directly from sporocysts,
Schistosoma
55
______ is a fairly sensitive creature and can spend a good deal of its time contracted inside its very flattened tortoise-like lorica. Like most rotifers, they are free-living. They feed and swim by means of their corona.
Testudinella
56
Pomphorhynchus is a __________.
fish parasite
57
All Acanthocephalans are ________!
parasitic
58
```
They are:
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic
Protostomes
And they have a coelom which is not lined by mesoderm – so its called pseudocoelom
```
The Rotifers & Acanthocephalans
59
The Rotifer phylum is between what, while the _____ are not included in our diagram.
Lophophorates and Nematodes, Acanthocephalans
60
The ______ and ________ used to be combined into one phylum called Aschelminthes but recent data, especially molecular, showed that this phylum was polyphyletic so they broke it up and gave each sub-group its own phylum.
Rotifers & Acanthocephalans
61
“Aschelminthes” had two main groups. What were they?
molting and non-molting
62
Acanthocephalans, Rotifers, 2 small phyla are _______ "Aschelminthes" and are now called Gnathifera.
non-molting
63
The molting aschelminthes are related to ____ and are now called Cycloneuralia.
arthropods
64
Advantages of having a body cavity (being a pseudocoelomate):
Opportunities for internal transport, Space for organ development, Hydrostatic support – important for movement & being able to protrude body parts
65
Phlyum Rotifera are known as what?
wheel bearers
66
These are characteristics of what Phylum? 3 classes, ~ 2000 species, very high densities, important in food webs, live mostly in freshwater, most less than 0.5 mm, short-lived
Rotifera
67
Rotiferas have a corona which is.......
two lobes surrounded by beating cilia which look a bit like wheels that are rapidly rotating.
68
This phylum accounts for more than 50% of the zooplankton production in some freshwater ecosystems.
Rotifera
69
In their food webs, this phylum isn't only numerous but occupies several different trophic levels – most omnivores, some are carnivores, and some parasites.
Rotifera
70
About __% of Rotifers live in freshwater.
95
71
Rorifers move by _________. Some sessile species are....
swimming or crawling, permanently attached to freshwater plants.
72
Defining characteristics of what phylum:
| the corona, a modified pharynx (mastax), have toes with adhesive glands
Rotifera
73
This class has one family with only 2 species. They are parasites on the gills of crustaceans.
R. Seisonidea
74
This class lives in many different habitats (damp soil, wet moss, hot springs, Antarctic lakes, common in lakes/ponds, a few marine)
R. Bdelloidea
75
_____ is “suspended animation” during harsh conditions like drying, freezing, and/or high temperature, some make a cover and form a cyst which are cases where a rotifer has been rehydrated after 20 years of desiccation!
Cryptobiosis
76
This species of rotifers is found only in the Antarctic. They reproduce in such huge numbers that they sometimes color the water red!
Philodina gregaria
77
This is the only class of Rotifers with some sessile species.
Monogononta
78
All species in this Rotifer class make a thick protective cuticle called a lorica.
Monogononta
79
What class? 80% of all rotifers, free or sessile, lorica
Monogononta
80
```
What class of Rotifers is this?
widespread, free-living, tolerate extremes, cryptobiosis
```
Bdelloidea
81
This class is a small group of rotifers and are ectoparasites.
Seisonidea
82
Phylum Acanthocephala is known has the ____ or _____ ______.
Spine or Thorn-Headed worms
83
Phylum? <1,200 species, all intestinal parasites of vertebrates, Arthropods sometimes required as intermediate hosts, Typically cylindrical and small
Acanthocephala
84
Eutely - Constant number of cells (which is species specific), No specialized respiratory structures, No circulatory system, Dioecious
Acanthocephala
85
Phylum Nemertea or the ______ are known as what?
Nemertines, Ribbion worms
86
There are a little less than 1200 described species of what phylum
Nemertea
87
The world's longest animal ever found was a Lineus longissimus which washed upon the shore of Scotland in the late 1800's. It measured 180 feet in length, beating out the Blue Whale for the title. What phylum does it belong to?
Phylum Nemertea
88
Most in this phylum are 3 to 20 cm long, often abundant but are difficult to identify so they are one of the least studied invertebrate groups, most are marine and crawl around on the bottom of shallow intertidal or sub-tidal areas or burrow into sediments, few are freshwater and a few terrestrial in moist tropical climates
Phylum Nemertea
89
In this phylum, most are carnivorous (eat small invertebrates like crustaceans and annelids (worms)), many apparently use chemical defenses to avoid being eaten; some species are thought to have bacterial symbionts that make neurotoxins that may serve as nemertean defense
Phylum Nemertea
90
This phylum's 'place' relative to other phyla: bilateral, triploblastic, protostomes, acoelomates – typically have been put in acoelomate group but that's controversial because recent studies of ultrastructure (seen with SEM) suggests that their blood vessels are modified coelomic spaces. Now placed in Lophotrochozoa group with flatworms, rotifers, molluscs, annelids, etc.
Phylum Nemertea
91
Where are Nemertines at on the chart?
Between Rotifers and Tardigrada
92
Most ____ are dioecious, some are protandric (1st male, then female), usually external fertilization, most have larval stage, some can reproduce asexually by fragmenting or fission.
Phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)
93
There are __ classes of ribbon worms based on what?
2, presence or absence of stylets and position of mouth relative to proboscis.
94
________ is one of the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, with at least 50,000 living species (and more likely around 120,000 to 200,000). It includes such familiar organisms as snails, octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
Mollusca
95
This phylum ranges in size from 20-meter-long giant squid to microscopic aplacophorans, a millimeter or less in length, that live between sand grains.
Mollusca
96
The study of living molluscs is known as ______. The study of mollusc shells is called _____.
malacology, conchology
97
How many classes are in Phylum Mollusca?
7
98
Class Polyplacophora: Phylum? Includes?
Mollusca, chitons
99
Class Aplacophora: Phylum? Includes?
Mollusca, worm-like animals
100
Class Monoplacophora: Phylum? Includes?
Mollusca, limpet-like
101
Class Gastropoda: Phylum? Includes?
snails, slugs, limpets
102
Class Bivalia: Phylum? Includes?
scallops, clams, mussels
103
Class Scaphopoda: Phylum? Includes?
tusk shells
104
Class Cephalopoda: Phylum? Includes?
squids, octopuses, nautilus
105
What is the biggest class of Phylum Mollusca? 2nd biggest?
Gastropoda, Bivalvia
106
Which class of molluscs is extinct? Which living class is not found in the fossil record?
rostroconchians, Aplacophora
107
All of the following are what? Finelined Pocketbook, Georgia Pigtoe, Southern Fatmucket, Three-horned Wartyback, Southern Toesplitter, Alabama Heelsplitter, Pistolgrip, Southern Rainbow
species of mussels
108
Freshwater Mussels are known as what?
Unionidae
109
Number of species of Unionidae in the US? Worldwide? % in US?
300, 1,000, 30%
110
What is the US ranked in world diversity of freshwater mussels? freshwater snails?
1st, 1st
111
Number of freshwater snail species in the US? worldwide? % in US?
600, 4,000, 15%
112
What are some threats to freshwater mussels?
dams, pollution, exotic species (zebra mussels)
113
Conasauga
River
Watershed is how many acres?
500,000
114
The Conasauga ranks ___ nationally for the number of federally threatened and endangered species in a single watershed.
Two fishes, a snail, and a crayfish are endemic to the Conasauga watershed, and the last populations of three mussel species.
4th
115
How many species of fish are found in the Conasauga River (about __ are native).
90, 76
116
How many species of mussels are found in the Conasauga River (down from __ historically).
19, 37
117
How many species of crayfish are in the Coosa River Basin?
| snails (down from __ historically)?
18, 25, 32
118
How do mussels get a fish to carry their young? How do Epioblasma do it?
Luring them, grab on to the fish and spit larvae inside fish's mouth
119
What class of molluscs include squids, octopods, and Nautilus?
Cephalopoda
120
Name my class. Active/predatory swimmers, Closed circulatory system, Foot modified to form arms/tentacles/and siphon, Have large brain in cartilaginous cranium, All are marine and have a radula and ctenidia
Class Cephalopoda
121
How do Molluscs with no shell avoid being eaten?
be fast, have good eyes, ink sac, chromatophores, photophores
122
The following are key adaptions of what?
Cephalization, A central nervous system, A coelom (of course, flatworms don’t have this), A tube-within-a-tube body plan, Compartmentalization of the body
Phylum Platyhelminthes: the flatworms
123
In bilateral symmetrical animal evolution of a head evolved along with unidirectional movement & a more active lifestyle than that of radially symmetrical animals. In these animals concentration of sense organs and nerve cells (simple brain) are found at the _____ end.
anterior
124
Increases effectiveness of bilateral animal: to actively _______ and to ____________.
find food, shelter, mates; detect enemies
125
The feather-duster worms and black fly larvae are both bilateral animals that filter food from water. Can you tell me why the feather-duster worm has radial-like feeding structures, while the black fly has bilateral (2-dimensional) feeding structures?
The feather-duster worms live in a marine benthic environment, while black fly larvae attach to rocks in streams.
126
have lots of surface area for their volume so, gas exchange works fine across the body surface, lack of circulatory & respiratory systems has constrained them in size and shape, have remained relatively small and flat, with shapes that maintain short diffusion distances, biggest of the free-living ones have highly branched guts that play a big role in internal transport.
Platyhelminth
