Test 1 Material Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Atoms
A
-Building blocks of matter
-Contain nucleus and surrounding electrons
-Number of protons and neutrons are equal
2
Q
What does the nucleus contain?
A
Protons and neutrons
3
Q
What do electrons do?
A
They determine how reactive something is
4
Q
Molecule
A
2 or more atoms bond to form a stable structure
5
Q
Compound
A
Substance made of different atoms
6
Q
Element
A
Substance made entirely of the same atoms
7
Q
What 4 elements make up 96% of the body’s mass?
A
Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen
8
Q
Ion
A
An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons
*has positive or negative charge
9
Q
Free Radical
A
Atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
10
Q
Chemical Reaction
A
-There is energy stored between atoms and molecules
-Chemical reaction occurs when bonds are formed or broken
11
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
12
Q
What are the 2 phases of metabolism?
A
Anabolism and Catabolism
13
Q
Anabolism
A
Building phase of metabolism
-Simple molecules combine to make more complex ones
-Requires/uses energy
14
Q
Catabolism
A
Breaking phase of metabolism
-Complex molecules break down into simpler ones
-Produces/releases energy
15
Q
ATP
A
Is the gas in your gas tank
-Provides form of energy that is usable by all cells
16
Q
Energy stored in ATP is used to perform what body functions?
A
-Muscle contraction
-Cell division
-Movement of some substances across cell membranes
-Making large molecules out of smaller ones
17
Q
Energy needed to reform ATP is gained by?
A
Breaking down food (Catabolizing)
18
Q
Spending ATP
A
To get energy needed to perform various functions, ATP is broken which releases energy
19
Q
Gaining ATP
A
-To reform ATP you need energy
-Cells get energy from carbs, fats, and proteins
20
Q
Substances used to make energy are called?
A
Energy Substrates
21
Q
Cells get energy from mostly?
A
Fats and Carbs
22
Q
ASE
A
Enzyme
23
Q
Cellular Preference
A
Depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available, different substrates will be used
24
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
Series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP
-Processes can be either anaerobic or aerobic
25
Anerobic
Cellular respiration happens without oxygen present/being used
*An = Not/Without
26
Aerobic
Cellular respiration happens with oxygen present/being used
27
Glycogen
Storage part of glucose
28
Carbohydrate (Glucose) Metabolism
-Preferred energy substrate
-cells use stored glucose (glycogen) or blood glucose
-energy released in breaking down glucose is used to reform ADP+Pi into ATP
-process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm is called glycolysis
-Through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules and pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
29
Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Presence of Oxygen (i.e. Aerobic)
-Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria
-a series of reactions yeild 26-28 more ATP
30
Carb (Glucose) Metabolism in Absense of Oxygen (i.e. Anaerobic)
-Pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria
-Is converted into lactic acid which quickly converts to lactate
-Lactic acid/lactate diffuses out of the cell into the blood
31
Is delayed onset muscle soreness caused by lactic acid?
No
32
Fat Metabolism
-Fat can be used to generate ATP but only in the presence of oxygen (i.e. Aerobically)
-Lipolysis: breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)
-# of ATP generated depends on the size of the fat
-Liver cells (hepatocytes) make ketone bodies wich are used by other cells (esp. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP
33
Glycolysis
Process of making ATP from glucose occurs in cell cytoplasm
34
Lypolysis
Breakdown of stored fat (use glycerol & fatty acids to make ATP)
35
Protein Metabolism
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids
-Using amino acids to generate ATP takes longer and produces extra wastes
-Only small amounts of proteins/amino acids are used to generate ATP
*Proteins are not often used
36
Nutrients
Substances needed for body structure and function
37
Oxygen
Cells need oxygen to function
38
Inorganic Compounds
-No Carbon
-Water, many salts, acids, bases
39
Water (H2O)
-Accounts for ~65% of body weight
-Nearly all chemical reactions in the body occur in water
In a solution, a substance (the Solvent) dissolves another substance (the solute)
40
Acids, Bases, and Salts
-WHen inorganic acids, bases or salts dissolve in water, they separate (dissociate) into ions and becomesurrounded by water molecules
41
Acid
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+)
42
Base
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)
43
Salt
A substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)
44
PH
-More hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more acidic
-More hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in a solution, the more basic (alkaline)
acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the PH scale
-7.0 is neutral
-body does not tolerate significant changes in PH
45
Organic Compounds
-Contain Carbon
ATP, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
46
Proteins
-Large complex molecules structures made up of amino acids
*Proteins have very specific shape to them
47
Structural proteins
framework of body parts
48
Regulatory Proteins
Hormones
49
Contractile Proteins
Shorten muscle cells
50
Catalytic Proteins
Regulate biochemical reactions
51
Transport Proteins
Carry substances in the body
52
Immunological Proteins
Help fight off invading pathogens
53
Lipids
-Fats and other fat-like substances
-Necessary for many different body functions
-Fatty acids - energy substrates
-Triglycerides the storage form of excess calories
54
Fatty Acids
Energy substrates
55
Triglycerides
Storage form of excess calories
56
Carbohydrates
-Function primarily as an energy substrate
-Sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose)
-Starches (major carb source in our diets)
- Glycogen is the storage form of glucose
57
Nucleic Acids
-DNA - your genetic material - controls most cell activities
RNA - Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
58
DNA
Your genetic material - controls most cell activities
59
RNA
Relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis
60
Examples of Inorganic Substances
-Water
-Acids, Bases, and Salts
PH
61
Examples of Organic Substances
-ATP
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Nucleic Acids
62
Cell
Smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life
63
Tissue
Group of similar cells that function together to perform specialized activities
64
What are the 4 major groups of tissue?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
65
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body, surfaces, lines, hollow organs, and forms glands
66
Connective Tissue
Supports structures and connects stuff
67
Muscular Tissue
Cells that use ATP to contract
68
Nervous Tissue
Tissue that makes up the nervous system
69
Organ
-Part of the body composed of t least 2 different kinds of tissue
-All tissues involved contribute to a specific function/activity
70
Organ System
-A group of organs related to each other that performs functions together
-Organ systems operation together from the organism
71
Organism
An individual, animal, plant, or single-celled life form
72
Homeostasis
The condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many internal regulatory process
-Body is dynamic - constantly changing
-Different parts of the body operate within specific parameters - Homeostatic mechanisms keep the internal environment within those limits
-All structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis
-When something disrupts homeostasis, there are mechanisms that will have the opposite effect
-Most disruptions are mild and temporary and the return to homeostasis is relatively quick
73
Feedback Systems (Loops)
A cycle of events in which the internal environment is:
-Monitored
-Evaluated
-Changed
-Re-Monitored
-Re-Evaluated
74
Controlled Condition
A variable being monitored
75
Stimulus
Whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions can be external or internal)
76
Components of a feedback System/Loop
-Sensor/Receptor
-Transmission Pathways
-Control Center
-Effector(s)
77
Sensor/Receptor
-Structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
-They detect chemical, electrical, mechanical changes
-Sends information to the control centre (via a transmission pathway)
78
Transmission Pathway
-Nervous and blood vessel pathways
-Relays messages between (1) the sensor/receptor and the control centre and (2) the control centre and the effector
79
Control Center
-Comprises the nervous and endocrine systems
-Sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained
-evaluates and compares the input received from the sensor/receptor against the set range
-Determines the body's response to the change in the controlled condition
-Sends the commands (when needed) to the effector (via transmission pathways)
80
Effector
-The structure(s) that ultimately produces the response to a given stimulus
-Receives the commands from the control centre
-Produces the response that will change the controlled condition
81
The lack of Internal Uniformity
-The inside of the body is not uniform
-Homeostatic mechanisms also function to maintain key differences in the body
82
Negative and Positive Feedback Systems/Loops
Physiological feedback systems/loops are either negative or positive
83
Negative Systems/Loops
-Reverse changes in the internal environment
-Very stable
-Predominant system/loop
*More Common
84
Positive Systems/Loops
-Strengthen changes in the internal environment
-There must be a mechanism that shut down the response
-Inherently unstable
-Uncommon
85
Adaptation
The adjustment of an organism to it's environment
86
Compensation
The adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect
87
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
A flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents
-Separates the cell from the external environment
-Contains membrane proteins that identify the cell, strengthen the membrane, and move substances in and out of the cell
-Selectively permeable (Allows some substances to pass through (in or out) an not others)
-Involved in communication (Between cells, between cells and their environment)
88
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid inside the cell
89
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside the cell
90
Interstitial Fluid
Fluid between cells
91
Plasma
Fluid in blood vessels
92
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
93
Membrane Proteins
Proteins embedded within the membrane or attached to one side of he membrane (inside or out)
94
Membrane Proteins Functions
-Selective channels that allow and/or move molecules from one side of the membrane to another
-receptors that recognize specific molecules
-Identify the cell
-Strengthen and support cell membranes and connect adjacent cell membranes
95
Microvilli
-Finger-like projections
-Increase surface area
-Increase rate of absorption
96
Cytoplasm
Contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus)
-2 Components intracellular fluid/cytosol (water, dissolved substances) and organelles
-Cell metabolism, storage
97
Cytoskeleton
-Network of protein filaments within the cytosol
-Give structure to cell allowing it to move
-Help move internal organelles around cell
98
Cytoskeleton Functions
-Structural framework for cell shape
-A scaffold for the organization/placement and movement of cell contents (Organelles)
-Force transmission
-Aiding in cell movement
99
Nucleus
Rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
-Control centre for the cell - it is responsible for the cell's metabolism, growth, and reproduction (it contains genetic material (DNA))
-Present in all human cells except for red blood cells (RBCs)
100
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
101
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached)
102
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism
103
Golgi Complex
Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell
104
Lysosomes
Break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged
105
Mitochondria
Power plant of the cells (transform organic compounds into energy (APT) that is easily accessible to the cell
106
Cilia
Short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell - their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface
107
Flagella
Similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell
108
Membrane Transport
-Cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
-Membrane transport is either passive or active (depending on whether it requires energy)
109
Passive Transport (diffusion, osmosis)
No energy is needed to move the substance
110
Active Transport (active transport, transport in vesicles)
Energy is needed to move the substance
111
Concentration Gradient
-A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another
-In moving substances in and out and in being selectively permeable, concentration gradients can be formed (and maintained)
112
Passive Processes Diffusion
-Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient
-Both solvent and solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)
-Across the plasma membrane, molecules can either move straight through or go through membrane proteins
113
Osmosis
-Passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
-Only occurs when a membrane is permeable to water and not to certain solutes
114
Active Processes
Active Transport
-Movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient
-Energy is used/needed to pump in or out of the cell
-Movement is through membrane-bound proteins
115
Vesicle
A small spherical sac
116
Endocytosis
Extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane
117
Phagocytosis
Form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn out cells
118
Ecocytosis
Vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell
119
Tight Junctions
Prevent the passage of substances between cells
120
Anchoring Junctions
Anchor cells to one another
121
Gap Junctions
Provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells
122
Epithelial Tissue Function
Function as selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces
123
Epithelial Tissue Common Locations
Common Locations: Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart
124
Epithelial Tissues Structure
-Free surface
-Lateral surfaces
-Basal surface
125
Epithelial Tissues Blood Supply
-Epithelial tissue is avascular
-Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply
126
Epithelial Tissues Basement Membrane
-Thin layer anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue
-Provides a surface for cell migration during growth or wound healing
127
Simple Epithelial Cells
Simple: One layer, good for the passage of substances
128
Pseudo stratified Epithelial Cells
Pseudo stratified: A single layer (not all cells reach the free surface), some have cilia, goblet cells secrete mucous
129
Stratified Epithelial Cells
Stratified: more than one layer, good for protection
130
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Squamous: Flat and thin, rapid movement of substances (Simple), protection (stratified)
131
Cuboidal Epithelial Cells
Cuboidal: Cube (or hexagon) shaped, free surface may have microvilli, good for secretion or absorption
132
Columnar Epithelial Cells
Columnar: Taller than wide, free surface may have cilia or microvilli, good for secretion or absorption
133
Glandular Epithelium
Gland: One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
2 kinds: Exocrine and Endocrine
134
Exocrine Glands
-Secrete their products into ducts (tubs) that empty onto the epithelial surface
-Eg. Sweat, Salivary, Oil
135
Endocrine Glands
-Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
-Eg. Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals
136
Connective Tissue Structure
-Made of extracellular matrix (ECM - The material between the cells) and cells
-Most CTs have good blood supply
Most CTs have nerve Supply
137
Connective Tissue Functions
-Protection
-Support/Definition
-Binding
-Transportation
-Energy
-Immunity
138
Extracellular Matrix Contains
-Protein fibres
-Ground substance
139
Protein Fibres
-Collagen
-Elastin
-Reticular
140
Collagen
White, very strong, resist tensile (pulling) forces (fibre arrangement is determined by the forces acting on the fibres)
141
Elastin
Yellow, smaller than collagen, strong but stretchy
142
Reticular
Thin, fine collagen fibres that form branching networks
143
Ground Substance
-May be fluid, gel-like, or calcified
-It supports the cells and through it, substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells
144
Connective Tissue cells
Blasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
145
Fibroblasts
Present in all general CT, they produce the protein fibres and the ground substance
146
Osteoblasts
In bone
147
Chrondoblasts
In Cartilage
148
Macrophages
Eat bacteria and cellular debris
149
Plasma Cells
Part of the immune response (secrete antibodies)
150
Mast Cells
Make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)
151
Adipocytes
Cells that store fat
152
5 Types of connective tissue
1. Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
2. Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
3. Bone
4. Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
5. Liquid (blood, lymph)
153
Loose Connective Fibres
More cells and fewer, fibres are loosely intertwined
154
3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
155
Areolar
-Most widely distributed CT in the body
-Found in and around nearly every body structure (beneath skin, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs)
-Function: strength, elasticity, support
156
Adipose
Areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes
Locations: beneath the skin, around some organs (kidneys, heart, behind eyeball)
Function: Thermoregulation, energy, support, protection
157
Reticular
Locations: Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles
Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes
158
3 Types of Dense Connective Tissues
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic
159
Regular
Collagen is arranged in parallel patterns
Locations: Tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone)
Function: Very strong but somewhat pliable structural connections
160
Tendons and Ligaments are _________ but don't _________.
Strong, Stretch
161
Irregular
Collagen is arranged in random/irregular patterns
Locations: Structure, Support
Function: Tensile (pulling strength in many directions)
162
Elastic
High elastin content
Locations: lung tissue, arteries, ligaments between vertebrae
Function: Stretch and Recoil
163
Bone
-Osseous Tissue
-Fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres
-The matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make it very hard
Function: protection and support, movement
164
Cartilage
-Strong and resilient
-Cells are called Chrondocytes
-Ground substance has large amounts of collagen, also contains elastin fibres
-Avascular, Aneural
165
3 Types Cartilage
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage
166
Hyaline Cartilage
-Most common cartilage in the body
-Blue-white appearance
Locations: ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton
Function: flexibility, support, friction reduction, shock absorption
167
Fibrocartilage
Locations: between vertebrae (intervertebral disks), Pubic symphysis, menisci
Function: Support
168
Elastic Cartilage
Has elastin fibres
Locations: epiglottis, part of the external ear
Function: support and flexibility while maintaining shape
169
Blood
Cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Function: Transport system
170
Lymph
A plasma-like fluid in lymphatic vessels - functions in immunity, transportation, fluid regulation
171
2 Types of Liquid Connective Tissue
1. Blood
2. Lymph
172
Muscle Tissue
Specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force
173
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac
174
Skeletal
-Striated Muscle
-Compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to skin)
Cell Structure: Cells are cylindrical and can be quite long
Function: Movement and heat protection
-Conscious/voluntary control
175
Smooth
-Found in the walls of hollow tubes
-Involuntary Control
Cell Structure: spindle shaped
Function: constriction of tubes, movement of substances through the tubes
-Not striated
176
Cardiac
Cell Structure: branched striated fibres that fit tightly together
Function: blood flow/propulsion
-Found only in the heart
-Involuntary control
177
Nervous Tissue
Designed for communication
178
2 Types of Cells
1. Neuroglia
2. Neurons
179
Neuroglia
They support, nourish, and protect the nervous system
180
Neurons
Nerve cells
181
3 Parts of Neurons
1. Dendrite
2. Cell Body
3. Axon
182
Dendrite
Structure: Multiple or single extensions off the cell body
Function: It is the input portion of the neuron
183
Cell Body
Structure: Contains the nucleus and other organelles
Function: Cell Processes
184
Axon
Thin cylindrical process off the cell body
Function: It is the output portion of the neuron
185
Superficial Fascia
Connective Tissue that is often referred to as adipose - it's beneath the skin
186
Subserous (Visceral) Fascia
Connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes
187
Deep Fascia
Dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs - can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it
188
Mechanisms through which fascia adapts are
1. Thixotropy
2. Bonding
189
Thixotropy
The property of gels or fluids of becoming fluid when stirred or shaken and more solid when at rest
190
Bonding
-Bonds between molecules are what help make a collagen fibre
-Fibres will bond together to give the tissue structure
191
Thixotropy Pro's
Fascia is in a more appropriate less-viscous state when warmed and/or with movement
-More adaptable and durable
-Healthier
192
Thixotropy Con's
-We are less active
-We assume postures which encourage a more gel-like state
-fascia gradually loses it's pliability
-Tissue is not as healthy
-Age has similar effect
193
Bonding Pro's
-Connections are beneficial
-Necessary for wound healing, tissue strength, and tissue adaptation
194
Bonding Con's
-Collagen fibres will pack more tightly and will form more and more bonds
-These areas thicken, stiffen, lose their ability to move and thereby limit function this happens more readily in areas of high stress and compression and in areas of disuse
-Can also happen with dehydration
195
Fascia (Clinical Implications)
-Fascia needs to be challenged to effect a change
-Restrictions in one segment of fascia can affect other segments
-Site of dysfunction is not necessarily the source of dysfunction
196
Fascia (Immobilization)
-Tissue is fragile
-Adhesions form decreasing function
197
Fascia (Inactivity)
Weakens Tissue
198
Fascia (Age)
-Tensile strength decreases with age
-Adaptive capabilities decrease as well
199
Fascia (Medications)
Can lead to locally and/or systematically weakened tissue
200
Membranes
Sheet of tissue covering or lining a part of the body
201
3 Types of Epithelial Membranes
1. Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
202
Synovial
CT but no epithelium
203
Mucous Membranes
-Mucosa
-Line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
-Epithelium with a CT base
Functions: Protection, Absorption
204
Serous Membranes
-Line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
-Covers organs within the cavity
-Simple squamous epithelium secretes serous fluid (for lubrication)
205
What are the 2 layers of serous membranes?
1. Parietal Layer
2. Visceral Layer
206
Parietal Layer
Lines cavity wall
207
Visceral Layer
Covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity
208
Cutaneous Membranes
-Skin
-Epidermis & Dermis
209
Synovial Membranes
-Line freely movable joint cavities
-Do not open to the exterior
-No epithelium
-Made up of a layer of synoviocytes with a CT base
-Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes joint cartilage and contains macrophages that help fight infections and clean up within the joint cavity
210
Integumentary System Structure (Superficial to Deep)
-Epidermis
-Dermis
-Subcutaneous Tissue
211
Integumentary System Functions
Protection
-Barrier
-Cushioning
-Monitoring
-UV
Thermoregulation
Blood Reservoir
Excretion
Vitamin Synthesis
212
Epidermis
-Superficial layer
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Avascular (No direct blood supply)
213
4 Types of Epidermal Cells
-Keratinocytes
-Melanocytes
-Langerhans Cells
-Merkel Cells
214
Keratinocytes
-Majority of epidermal cells
-Produce Keratin
-Deeper cells constantly divide
215
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
216
Langerhans Cells
-Responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them
217
Merkel Cells
-Involved in sensation of touch
218
5 Epidermal Layers (Deep to Superficial)
1.Stratum Basale
2.Stratum Spinosum
3.Stratum Granulosum
4.Stratum Lucidum
5.Stratum Corneum
219
Stratum Basale
-Single row of keratinocytes anchored to the basement membrane
-Continuous Mitosis
220
Stratum Spinosum
-Provides strength and flexibility to the skin
221
Stratum Granulosum
-These cells are dying
222
Stratum Lucidum
-Flat, dead, keratinocytes
223
Stratum Corneum
-Flat, dead, keratinocytes that are shed
224
Dermis
-Connective tissue layer separating epidermis and underlying adipose layer
-Collagen and elastin
225
Dermis Contains
-Blood vessels, Nerves
-Meissner Corpuscles: Touch Receptors
-Free nerve endings: Pain, Temperature
-Pacinian Corpuscles: Pressure, Vibration
-Sweat and oil glands, and hair are also embedded in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
226
Meissner Corpuscles
Touch Receptors
227
Free Nerve Endings
Pain, Temperature
228
Pacinian Corpuscles
Pressure, Vibration
229
What is separation between epidermis and dermis?
Blister
230
Subcutaneous Tissue
-Hypodermis
-Areolar and Adipose Tissue
Serves as shock absorber, insulator
231
Skin Colour
-Melanin
-Yellow/Orange: Carotene
-Red/Pink: Hemoglobin
-Redness (erythema): Inflammatory Response
-Blue: Cyanosis
-Blue/Black: New bruising
-Yellow: Jaundice
-Yellow/ Green: Old bruising
232
Hair
-Shaft: Portion of the hair that projects beyond the skin surface
-Root: Part of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis
-Follicle: The portion surrounding the root
-Dead Keratinized cells
-Produced in the hair follicle
-Arrector pili Muscle: Contract to pull the hair upright
-Sebaceous glands: Lubricates the hair
-Hair colour: Melanin
233
Hair (Functions)
-Protection: Scalp, eyelashes, filtration
-Thermoregulation
-Sensation
234
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
-All over the skin except palms and soles
-Secret Sebum
-Sebum keeps skin moist, prevents hair from becoming dry/brittle, and kills surface bacteria
235
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
-Sweat is released through pores and sometimes hair follicles
-Functions: Thermoregulation and waste removal
236
Ceruminous Glands
-External ear
-Produce Cerumen (Ear Wax)
-Cerumen helps prevent foreign bodies from entering the ear
237
Nails
-Hardened plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells
-Function: Protection, small object manipulation, scratching, health status info
238
Sun and the Skin
-Damage from acute overexposure
-DNA Damage
-Collagen and elastic fibre damage
239
Aging and the Skin
-Collagen fibres decrease in number and are not as functional
-Elastin loses elasticity
-Fibroblasts decrease in number
-Skin becomes thinner
240
In dense connective tissue what determines the arrangement of collagen fibres?
Direction of forces acting on fibres
241
Building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
242
Energy substrate fastest to supply energy?
Carbohydrates
243
Activity has what effect on Fascia?
Fascia is more mobile and less adhered
244
Solution is created when _________ dissolves in a ___________.
Solute, Solvent
245
Tensegrity/Biotensegrity
Strengthening of musculoskeletal system via coordination of tensioned and compressed components
