Test 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
0
Q
causes of Diabetes type I
A
little to no insulin production
1
Q
Flow of urine: from glomerulus to outside of body
A
- blood
- pyramids
- papilla
- pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
2
Q
symptoms of Diabetes type I
A
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- wt. loss
3
Q
who does Diabetes type I effect most
A
children/young adults
4
Q
causes of Diabetes type II
A
high to low insulin production; insulin resistance
5
Q
symptoms of Diabetes type II
A
- mild version of polyuria
- mild version of polydipsia
- mild version of polyphagia
- mild wt loss
- blurred vision
6
Q
who does Diabetes type II effect most
A
over 35/overweight
7
Q
external to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity
A
retroperitoneal
8
Q
functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
9
Q
presence of glucose in the urine
A
glucosuria
10
Q
a chemical that increases urine volume by deceasing reabsorption of water, usually by inhibiting sodium reabsorption
A
diuretic
11
Q
measures the blood nitrogen
A
blood urea nitrogen test
12
Q
measures the level of creatine in the blood. Sees how well the kidneys are functioning
A
plasma creatine test
13
Q
to much protein in the urine
A
albuminuria
14
Q
blood in the urine
A
hematuria
15
Q
condition in which abnormally high amounts of ketones and ketone bodies are in urine
A
ketonuria
16
Q
presence of urobilinogen in urine
A
urobilinogenuria
17
Q
tiny tube-shaped particles that can be found when urine is examined under a microscope
A
urine casts
18
Q
artificial kidney is used to remove waste and extra chemicals from the blood
A
hemodialysis
19
Q
your blood is cleaned inside the body
A
peritoneal dialysis
20
Q
passing urine
A
micturition
21
Q
inability to retain urine, semen, or feces through loss of sphincter control
A
incontinence
22
Q
excessive production of urine
A
polyuria
23
Q
kidney stone
A
renal calculi
24
type of kidney disease in which the part of the kidneys that help filte waste and fluids from the body is damaged
glomerulonephritis
25
group of symptoms that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, high triglycerides, and swelling
nephrotic syndrome
26
decreased output of urine
oliguria
27
absence of urine formation or daily urine output of less than 50mL
anuria
28
monitors b/p, releases renin
juxtaglomerular apparatus
29
made of smooth, carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder; humans have 2
ureters
30
area of bladder where the holes are for 2 ureters and 1 urethra
trigone
31
tube that leads from bladder and transports waste out of the body
urethra
32
folds of wrinkles in the walls of an organ
rugae
33
layer of urinary bladder that allows the bladder to store urine and contract during urinary to release urine
detrusor muscle
34
flow of lymph
1. lymphatic capillaries
2. lymphatic vessels
3. lymphatic ducts
4. junction of internal jugular & subclavian
35
normal things found in urine
- urea
- uric acid
- creatine
- H2O
36
abnormal things found in urine
- glucose
- lg. proteins
- RBC
- WBC
37
components of 1st line of defense
- intact skin
- intact mucous membranes
- intact chem. barriers
38
what are examples of the chemical and physical barriers in the 1st line of defense
- sweat
- tears
- saliva
- sebum
- gastric juices
39
what are examples of the mechanical flushing in the 1st line of defense
- urinating
- defacation
- vomiting
- sneezing
- coughing
- diarrhea
40
component of the 2nd line of defense
internal defenses
41
examples of internal defenses in the 2nd line of defense
- fever
- inflammation
- phagocytes
- natural killer cells
- interferons
- complement
42
low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
43
high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
44
dwarf whose condition resulted from hypofunction of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis
pituitary dwarfism
45
excessive development of the body or body part
giantism
46
chronic syndrome of growth hormone excess, most often caused by a pituitary macroadenoma
acromegaly
47
excessive elimination of dilute urine
diabetes insipidus
48
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth
congenital hypothyroidism
49
clinical and metabolic manifestations of hypothyroidism in adults, adolescents, and children
myxedema
50
hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. ( can cause eye ball protrusion)
Graves' disease
51
symptoms from prolonged exposure to excessive glucocorticoid hormones
Cushing's syndrome
52
rare illness, marked by gradual progressive failure of the adrenal glands and by insufficient production of steroid hormones
Addison's disease
53
autoimmune disease where the body produces little to no insulin; usually affects children and young adults
diabetes mellitus type I
54
condition where the body produces high to low insulin; affects mostly people over 35 and overweight
Diabetes Mellitus type II
55
excessive secretion and discharge of urine
polyuria
56
eating abnormally large amounts of food; gluttony
polyphagia
57
excessive thirst
polydipsia
58
acidosis due to an excess of ketone bodies, occurs in people who do not produce adequate insulin to sustain normal fat metabolism
ketoacidosis
59
what hormone stimulates body growth
Human growth hormone
60
which gland is the HGH produced
anterior pituitary gland
61
which hormone controls secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
62
which gland produces TSH
anterior pituitary gland
63
which hormone produces sex cells
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
64
which gland produces FSH
anterior pituitary gland
65
which hormone produces sex hormone, and ovulation for women
luteinizing hormone (LH)
66
which hormone produces milk production in the mammary glands
prolactin
67
which gland is responsible for producing prolactin
pituitary gland
68
which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone
69
which gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormones
pituitary gland
70
which hormone stimulates contractions of smooth muscle cells; is responsible for contractions of uterus during childbirth and milk let-down
oxytocin
71
which gland produces oxytocin
posterior pituitary gland
72
which hormone causes kidneys to return more water to the blood, raises b/p by constricting arterioles
antidiuretic hormone
73
which gland produces antidiuretic hormones
pituitary gland
74
which hormone affects metabolism and growth
T4
75
which gland produces T4
thyroid gland
76
which hormone affects almost every physiological process in the body including growth and development, metabolism, body temp., and heart rate
T3
77
which gland produces T3
thyroid gland
78
what hormone is the most important regulator of calcium in the blood and within the bones
parathyroid hormone
79
which gland produces parathyroid hormones
parathyroid gland
80
which gland produces aldosterone
adrenal gland (cortex)
81
what regulates homeostasis of sodium ions and potassium ioons; helps adjust b/p and blood volume
aldosterone
82
what gland produces cortisol
adrenal gland (cortex)
83
what regulates metabolism and resistance to stress; raises blood sugar
cortisol
84
what gland produces DHEA
adrenal gland (cortex)
85
what steroid is used to assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes; in females, contributes to libido and are a source of estrogen after menopause; precursor to testosterone
DHEA
86
what gland produces epinepherine
adrenal gland (medulla)
87
what is the first line of treatment for severe or life-threatening allergic reactions
epinepherine
88
what gland produces norepinepherine
adrenal gland (medulla)
89
what treats low b/p and heart failure
norepinepherine
90
where is glucagon produces
spleen
91
what increases blood glucose levels when it falls below normal
glucagon
92
what helps lower blood sugar levels when its to high
insulin
93
where is insulin produced
pancreas
94
what helps control your natural sleep cycle
melatonin
95
what gland produces melatonin
pineal gland
96
what are the 3 steps for how insulin works
1. moves glucose into cells to make ATP
2. stores in liver/skeletal muscles as glycogen
3. stores glucose as fat
97
what are the 4 types of immunity
1. natural active immunity
2. natural passive immunity
3. artificial active immunity
4. artificial passive immunity
98
what are the ways to catch HIV
- blood
- semen
- vaginal fluid
- breast milk
99
where do both B cells and T cells develop
primary lymphatic organs ( red bone marrow & thymus)
100
where do B cells complete their development
in red bone marrow
101
where do T cells complete their development
in thymus
102
what are signs of inflammation
- heat
- swelling
- redness
- pain
103
what are the 2 primary lymphatic organs
1. red bone marrow
| 2. thymus
104
what are the secondary lymphatic organs
1. lymph nodes
2. spleen
3. lymphatic nodules (follicles)
105
where are steroids derived from
adrenal gland
106
where is T3 and T4 secreted from
thyroid gland
107
what is the lack of insulin activity; type I and II
Diabetes mellitus
108
what do you have if there is a defect in ADH; or the inability to secrete ADH
Diabetes insipidus
109
what does the RRA system control
the secretion of aldosterone
110
which immunoglobulin is the general one against a lot
IgG
111
which immunoglobulin is for the endocrine and producing milk
IgA
112
which immunoglobulin is for making blood types
IgM
113
which immunoglobulin is for allergic reactions and parasites
IgE
114
what is the natural active immunity responsible for
memory
115
what is natural passive immunity responsible for
fetus through placenta
116
what is artificial active immunity responsible for
vaccine
117
what is artificial passive immunity for
given antibodies
