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Test 2 (Endocrine Glands) Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

-Regulate organic metabolism and water
-Induce adaptive changes to help body cope
-Promotes sequential growth
-Control reproduction
regulate RBC production

A

Endocrine system functions

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2
Q

Secrete chemical signals into the blood

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Chemical signals released into circulation that broadcast throughout the body to every organ

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Derived from fatty acids/cholesterol

A

Lipid hormones

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5
Q

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone

A

Steroids

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6
Q

Functions in inflammatory response

A

Prostaglandins

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7
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Peptide hormones

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8
Q

Protein bound to one or more carbohydrate group

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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9
Q

Derived from the AA tyrosine and tryptophan

A

Amine hormones

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10
Q

Long-chained precursors to hormones (ex insulin produced from proinsulin)

A

Prohormones

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11
Q

Molecules that are inactive until converted into the active forms of hormones (ex thyroxine secreted)

A

Prehormones

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12
Q

Occurs when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect. Effects may be additive or complementary

A

Synergistic effects

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13
Q

Occurs when one hormones makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone

A

Permissive effects

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14
Q

Occurs when hormones work in opposite directions with the goal of maintaining homeostasis

A

Antagonistic effects

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15
Q

Increases levels on calcium in the blood if they get too low

A

PTH

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16
Q

Decreases the release of calcium into the blood if levels are too high

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

Stimulates fat storage

A

Insulin

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18
Q

Stimulates fat breakdown

A

Glucagon

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19
Q

What controls the secretion of hormones?

A

Changes in ions or nutrients
Neurotransmitters
Other hormones

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20
Q

What are the hormonal control systems?

A
  • Ions/nutrient concentrations (Humoral Control)
  • Neurotransmitters (neural control)
  • Hormonal Control
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21
Q

Endocrine cells monitor concentrations of certain ions or nutrients

A

Humoral control

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22
Q

Neurons from the ANS can influence hormone release from adrenal medulla and other endocrine glands

A

Neural Control

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23
Q

Neurons from CNS affect hypothalamus, which in turn influences hormone release

A

Neural Control

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24
Q

Hormone that stimulates the secretion of a second hormone

A

Tropic hormone

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25
Stimulates and maintains their endocrine target tissues
Tropic hormones
26
Mechanism of action
- Hormones bind to receptors on or in target cells - Hormones bind to receptors with a high affinity - -Hormones can saturate receptors
27
Hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Lipophilic hormones
28
Hormone receptors are on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
Water-soluble hormone receptors
29
too little hormone
Hyposecretion
30
Too much hormone
Hypersecretion
31
Enough hormone, but ineffective response
Hyporesponsiveness
32
Too much response
Hyperresponsiveness
33
Defect in the cells that secretes the hormone that is causing problems
Primary secretion disorder
34
Problem is with too much or to little tropic hormone
Secondary Secretion Disorder
35
Part of the diencephalon and controls release of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
36
Extends from the interior surface of the hypothalamus and has two distinctive lobes
Pituitary gland
37
Composed of nervous tissue
Posterior pituitary
38
Where are hormones synthesized?
Hypothalamus
39
What are the posterior pituitary hormones?
- ADH | - Oxytocin
40
Increases reabsorption of H20 by kidneys
ADH
41
Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown during breast feeding
Oxytocin
42
What are some hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland?
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinzing Hormone (LH) - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Growth hormone - Prolactin
43
Promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
44
Stimulates sex hormone secretion
Luteinizing Hormone
45
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
46
Promotes protein synthesis and growth
Growth hormone
47
Promotes milk production
Prolactin
48
Hormones released by the hypothalamus and pituitary
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) - Growth Hormones releasing Hormone (GHRH) - Somatostatin (SS) - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) - Dopamine - Corticotropin (CRH)
49
Stimulates release of FSH
GnRH
50
Stimulates release of GH
GHRH
51
Inhibits secretion of GH
SS
52
Stimulates release of TSH
TRH
53
Inhibits secretion of Prolactin
Dopamine
54
Stimulates release of ACTH
CRH
55
A principle means of regulating the effects of a hormone
Negative feedback inhibition
56
High secretion of a hormone leads to a response that inhibits further secretion of that hormone
Negative feedback inhibition
57
Hyposecretion in childhood that results in a short stature
Pituitary dwarfism
58
Hypersecretion in childhood usually caused by tumor on the anterior pituitary which results in excessive growth
Gigantism
59
Hypersecretion in adulthood which results in excessive growth especially in cranial and facial bones, hands and feet
Acromegaly
60
Located on the superior aspect of each kidney composed of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal glands
61
Outer portion of adrenal glands that secretes steroid hormones
Adrenal cortex
62
Inner portion of the adrenal glands which secretes catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
63
Consists of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens which secrete different hormones
Adrenal cortex
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Consists of mainly aldosterone and influences mineral balance
Mineralocorticoids
65
Primarily consists of cortisol/hydrocortisone and plays a major role in glucose metabolism and protein and lipid metabolism
Glucocorticoids
66
- Stimulates gluconegenesis - stimulates protein degration - facilitates lipolysis - plays key role in adaption to stress - anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects
Cortisol/hydrocortisone
67
What are some of the causes of Cushing's syndrome?
overstimulation of adrenal cortex adrenal tumors taking meds with high glucocorticoid concentrations
68
What are signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Abnormal fat distribution
69
Effects of thyroid hormones
- main determinant of basal metabolic rare - influences synthesis and degradation of carbs, fat and protein - increases heart rate - essential for normal growth - crucial role in development of nervous system
70
Primary causes of Hypothyroidism
Failure of thyroid gland | Inadequate dietary supplement of iodine
71
Symptoms of Hypothyrodism
Low BMR, weight-gain, letharrgy
72
Goiter
enlarged thyroid
73
Cretinism
Hypo secretion during first few months of life
74
Graves disease
Autoimmune disease | Hyper secretion of thyroid hormones
75
Symptoms of Graves disease
agitation, nervousness, bulging eyes
76
Treatment of Graves disease
Surgical removal or a portion of the over-secreting thyroid or orbital decompression
77
Four small organs located on posterior surface of the thyroid
parathyroid glands
78
What does the parathyroid secrete
PTH
79
- increases blood Ca2+ levels if they get too low | - Increases breakdown of bone matrix and inhibits Ca2+ secretion from the kidneys
parathyroid hormone
80
Both an endocrine organ and digestive exocrine organ
Pancreas
81
What are the two cell types in the pancreas
Alpha and Beta cells (secretes glucagon and insulin)
82
Encourages cellular growth
Anabolic hormones
83
Induces glucose uptake and utilization by cells which promotes removal of glucose from blood and lowers blood glucose levels
Insulin
84
Characterized by lack of insulin secretion and results in blood sugar level monitoring and regular insulin injections
Type 1 diabetes
85
Characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin target cells
Type II diabetes
86
What are additional endocrine organs
Gonads Pineal gland Stomach and small intestine

Physiology (13 decks)

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