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Physiology > Test 2 (The Nervous System and Synapses) > Flashcards

Test 2 (The Nervous System and Synapses) Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands communicate with, integrate and control organs by secreting hormones into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Brain, spinal cord and nerves communicate, integrate and control body functions with nerve impulses

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

Brain+Spinal Cord

Control+Integration

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Communication

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

Carries nerve impulses via eletrical signals

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Support, protect and nourish neurons and is a majority of nerve tissue cells

A

Neuroglia

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7
Q

What are the structures of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

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8
Q

Contains nucleus and other organelles

A

Cell body

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9
Q

Branched extensions of the cell body that carry impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Long extension of cell body, beginning with the axon hillock and ending in synaptic/axon terminal with synaptic knobs/vesicles and carries impulses away from cell body

A

Axon

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11
Q

Increases the speed of impulse conduction and makes the process of sending impulses more energy efficient

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

Made of neuralgia cells called Schwann cells wrapping around the axon

A

PNS myelinated neurons

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13
Q

Sheath made of oligodendrocytes that wrap around an axon

A

CNS myelinated neurons

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14
Q

3 types of neurons

A

afferent, efferent, association neurons

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15
Q

Carries impulses from receptors in the PNS to the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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16
Q

Carries impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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17
Q

Carries impulses within the CNS and relays impulses from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

A

Association neurons

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18
Q

Carries impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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19
Q

carries impulses within CNS- relay impulses form the sensory neurons to the motor neurons

A

Association neurons

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20
Q

What are the types of neuralgia cells?

A 
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
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21
Q

Form the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Phagocytosis to prevent infection

A

Microglia

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23
Q

Works in cerebrospinal fluid circulation

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Cells that form a regeneration tube that eventually becomes functional again

A

Schwann cells

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25
When these axons are cut, the severed distal portion regenerates
PNS neuroglial cells
26
How do neuralgia cells function in blood brain barrier
Separate the brain from the circulatory system
27
Steps to protect blood brain barrier
Prevent toxic substance from entering CNS - Endothelial cells line capillaries in brain fit tightly together, making diffusion much more difficult - Astrocyte feet surrounding the endothelial cells and their secretions also provide a physical barrier
28
Not transmitting an impulse
resting neuron
29
What is polarization like in resting membrane potential
Electrical charge on the outside of the membrane is positive while the electrical charge on the inside of the membrane is negative
30
The difference/imbalance in electrical charges
Testing potential (~70mV)
31
Where is the greatest Na+ concentration in membrane potential
Outside of the membrane
32
Membrane potential other than 0mV
Polarization
33
Less negative than resting membrane potential
Depolarization
34
Membrane returns to resting potential after depolarization
Repolarization
35
More negative than resting membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
36
How is Ionic imbalance brought about?
Sodium-Potassium pumps out more + ions than it brings in
37
Channels that are always open
Leaky/nongated
38
Channels that are open for specific ions
Gated - ligand-gated - voltage-gated
39
Group of transmembrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter
Ligand-gated`
40
Changes in membrane potential cause channel to open
Voltage-gated
41
What are the two types of K+ channels
not gated | voltage gated
42
Types od Na+ channels
Voltage gated (open ~55mV)
43
What happens when a nerve cell "fires"?
An electrical signal moves down the neuron Electrical signals are produced by changes in ion concentrations Alter ion concentrations by altering ion permeability
44
Produced by a specific change in the environment acting on a specific region or portion of the cell membrane
Graded potential
45
What does the magnitude of graded potential depend on?
Strength and frequency of the stimulus
46
A brief, rapid, large change in membrane potential, causing it to reach its threshold
Action potential
47
The critical level to which a membrane must be depolarized for an action potential to occur
Threshold potential
48
The neuron either propagates an impulse of does not at all
"All of none law", which action potential follows
49
Where does action potential begin?
Axon hillock
50
A period following stimulation during which a cell is unresponsive to further stimulation
Refractory period
51
The period of time after a nerve has fired an action potential during which another AP cannot be fired, no matter how strong the stimulus
Absolute refractory period
52
The period of time after a nerve has fired an action potential (and after the absolute refractory period) during which another AP cannot be fired with the threshold stimulus, but larger than threshold stimulus can be fired
Relative refractory period
53
How does action potential propagate unmyelinated axons
AP opens voltage gated Na+ channels Serves as stimulus for depolarization of next adjacent region, triggering an AP at the segment AP produced continuously along plasma membrane or unmyelinated axons
54
Gaps in between either Schwann cells or Oligodendrocytes
Ranvier
55
How does action potential propagate in myelinated axons
Impulses bounce from one Ranvier to the next, avoiding the myelin sheath and speeding u the impulse (saltatory conduction)
56
Why is saltatory conduction faster?
myelinated axon have voltage-gated channels ONLY at the nodes of ranvier as as opposed to the entire length
57
Communication junction between a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell
synapse
58
Stimulates physiological change
synapse
59
What are the two types of synapse
Chemical | Electrical
60
Chemical messenger is transmitted across the junction separating the neurons
Chemical synapse
61
Two neurons are connected by gap junction
Electrical synapse
62
what is the anatomy of a synapse
Presynaptic neuron Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic cell
63
What is the chemical sequence of synapse function
AP triggers Ca2+ channels in axon terminal Ca2+ rushes in Ca2+induced exocytosis of synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell membrane
64
Substance that binds to a receptor
Ligand
65
Specific ligand-gated ion channels in postsynaptic cell membrane
Chemical synapse
66
What are two possible types of synaptic potential
Excitatory postsynaptic potential | Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
67
Post synaptic cell membrane depolarizes and Increases the chances of a post-synaptic action potential occurring
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
68
Postsynaptic cell membrane is hyper polarized and decreases the changes of a post synaptic action potential occurring
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
69
Excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles
Acetylcholine
70
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that stops the excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid | Valium enhances GABBA
71
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates mood
serotonin
72
Excitatory neurotransmitter that brings the NS to high alert
Norepinephrine/epinephrine- excitatory
73
What does the firing of a postsynaptic neuron depend on?
the number of active synapses | whether the synapses are excitatory or inhibitory

Physiology (13 decks)

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