Test 2 (The Central Nervous System)

Question 1

Consists of brain and spinal cord

Answer 1

CNS

Question 2

What are the 3 meninges surrounding the CNS

Answer 2

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

Question 3

Spaces associated with meninges (superficial to deep)

Answer 3

Epidural space
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)
Pia mater

Question 4

Inflammation of the meninges

Answer 4

Meningitis

Question 5

Usually a result of a fall or cerebral aneurysm

Answer 5

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 6

Clear tissue fluid that protects and buoys the brain and spinal cord

Answer 6

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 7

Supplies brain and spinal cord with nutrients collected from the blood and collects waste to be returned to the blood

Answer 7

CSF

Question 8

How often is the volume of CSF replaced throughout the day?

Answer 8

4 times

Question 9

Flows through ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space

Answer 9

CSF

Question 10

Examples of what the CNS does for you

Answer 10

regulates internal environment
experience emotions
controls movements
be aware of body
engage in thought

Question 11

Cerebellum, pons, medulla and its the oldest part of the brain

Answer 11

Hindbrain

Question 12

Reticular formation

Answer 12

Midbrain

Question 13

Cerebrium, thalamus and hypothalamus, which contains the brain structures that have most recently evolved

Answer 13

Forebrain

Question 14

Largest and most complex portion of the brain, which is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

Answer 14

Cerebrum

Question 15

Outer shell of gray matter that covers each hemisphere and has a central core of white matter

Answer 15

cerebral cortex

Question 16

What are the 4 major lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

occipital, temporal, parietal and frontal

Question 17

Contains the motor cortices/primary motor cortex and decides voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

Answer 17

Frontal Lobes

Question 18

Contains the somatosensory cortices/primary sensory cortex, which controls perception of senses

Answer 18

Parietal Lobes

Question 19

Map showing portion of motor cortex devoted to each body region

Answer 19

Motor homunculus

Question 20

Map showing the amount of sensory cortex devoted to each body region

Answer 20

Sensory homunculus

Question 21

Contains the auditory cortex, which aids in perception and interpretation of auditory information

Answer 21

Temporal Lobe

Question 22

Contains the visual cortex and aids with the perception and interpretation of visual images

Answer 22

Occipital lobe

Question 23

What are 3 techniques used to examine brain function

Answer 23

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 24

Technique that produces a three dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body and studies brain metabolism

Answer 24

Positron Emission Tomography

Question 25

Protons are charged and spin (use of magnet)

Answer 25

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Question 26

How long are the cycles of REM?

Answer 26

90-120 minutes

Question 27

What are the stages of NREM sleep?

Answer 27

Stage 1- stage between wakefulness and sleep Stage 2- more time is spent n this stage than any other Stage 3- deep sleep

Question 28

Period when muscles activate (twitching), eyes may open and close, brain activity and heart rate gradually slow down and breathing becomes more regular

Answer 28

Stage 1 NREM

Question 29

Period when muscle activity continues to decrease and short bursts of brain activity occur (you can go through this phase several times in a night)

Answer 29

Stage 2

Question 30

Period when sleeper is unaware of outside stimuli, very difficult to wake a period in this state and once awake, very difficult to become alert

Answer 30

Stage 3

Question 31

Masses of gray matter located deep within the cerebrum

Answer 31

Basal nuclei/ basal ganglia

Question 32

What are the primary functions of the basal nuclei/basal ganglia?

Answer 32

inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body Modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways Release dopamine Suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement

Question 33

Sensory and motor infomration controlled by opposite side as a result of decussation of fibers

Answer 33

Contraleteral cerebral lateralization

Question 34

Each hemisphere receives information from both sides of the body through communication via the corpus callosum

Answer 34

Contralateral

Question 35

The dominant hemisphere that has language and analytical ability

Answer 35

Left hemisphere

Question 36

Hemisphere that has visuospatial and can read maps and patterns

Answer 36

Right Hemisphere

Question 37

Coordinates complex fine-motor functions involved in speech

Answer 37

Broca's Area

Question 38

responsible for ability to comprehend language and formulate words

Answer 38

Wernicke's Area

Question 39

Speech is poorly articulated | Understand what is spoken, but have difficulty responding

Answer 39

Broca's Aphasia

Question 40

Speak easily | Can't understand spoken or written language

Answer 40

Wernicke's Area

Question 41

Group of cerebral nuclei forming a ring around the brain stem

Answer 41

Limbic system

Question 42

Center for emotional drives

Answer 42

Functions of Limbic System

Question 43

Non-declarative memory

Answer 43

memory of simple skills

Question 44

Declarative memory

Answer 44

Memory of facts and events

Question 45

Temporal lobes involved in converting short-term memory to long-term memory. SLEEP IS NEEDED FOR THIS

Answer 45

Memory consolidation

Question 46

Involved in memory formation

Answer 46

Amygdala

Question 47

Loss of cholinergic fibers in hippocampus and cerebral cortex Accumulation of extracellular proteins called senile plaques Accumulation of intercellular proteins forming neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 47

Alzheimer's

Question 48

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 48

Diencephalon

Question 49

``` Body temp Thirst and urine output Food intake Circadian rhythm Control ANS ```

Answer 49

hypothalamus

Question 50

Critical link between spinal cord and higher brain regions | Oldest/most primitive portion of the brain

Answer 50

Brainstem

Question 51

Network of neuron in medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 51

Reticular Activating System

Question 52

Activated by receipt of sensory information and induces nonspecific arousal to cerebrum

Answer 52

RAS

Question 53

Relay between brain and spinal cord and contains nuclei that control basal survival function

Answer 53

Medulla oblongata

Question 54

Regulated HR and contractile force

Answer 54

Medulla (cardiac center)

Question 55

Regulates respiration

Answer 55

respiratory center

Question 56

Controls blood vessel diameter

Answer 56

Vasomotor center

Question 57

Planning, initiating and timing motor movements Maintains proper position of the body in space plays KEY role i learning skilled motor taks

Answer 57

Cerebellum

Question 58

Located in the white matter of the spinal cord

Answer 58

Spinal cord tracts

Question 59

Carries information from receptors to the brain to be interpetated

Answer 59

Ascending tracts

Question 60

Carries impulses/directions from the brain to the effectors

Answer 60

Descending tracts

Question 61

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Answer 61

Peripheral nervous System (PNS)

Question 62

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 62

31

Question 63

What is the reflex arc?

Answer 63

``` Receptor Afferent/sensory neuron Integration Efferent Effector ```

Question 64

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 64

12