Test 1 Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomy
A
the study of the structures in living things
2
Q
What is physiology
A
the study of functions in things
3
Q
What is homeostasis
A
the maintenance of a stable an d relatively constant internal environment
4
Q
Receives info about the boys internal and external environment
A
sensor
5
Q
receives information from the bodys sensors and determines how to respond to those deviations
A
integrating center
6
Q
receives instructions/commands from the integrating center and makes appropriate adjustments to counteract the deviations
A
effectors
7
Q
what is negative feedback loops
A
when a change in a condition leads to a response which occurs in the opposite direction of that change in order to get back to the set point
8
Q
what is a positive feedback loop
A
when a change in condition leads to a response which amplifies that change
9
Q
what are antagonistic effectors
A
effectors that use the opposite actions/outcomes working together with the common goal of maintaining the bodys set point
10
Q
intrinsic regulation process
A
cells within the organ or gland sense a change and signal the regulatory mechanisms
11
Q
extrinsic regulation of the endocrine system
A
slow and long lasting regulation process with the release of hormones
12
Q
extrinsic regulation of the nervous system
A
regulation process that occurs quickly
13
Q
hierarchy of organization
A
cells tissues organs organ systems organism
14
Q
what are the 4 main types of tissues
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
15
Q
functions in movement and consists of bundles of fibers
A
muscle tissue
16
Q
tissue attached to the bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movement and the cells are striated
A
Skeletal tissue
17
Q
Causes involuntary contractions of the heart and the muscles are striated
A
cardiac muscle tissue
18
Q
tissue found lining the walls of the hollow organs and cells are unstriated
A
smooth muscle tissue
19
Q
Forms a communication network and functions to relay information regarding internal and external environments from one part of the body to another
A
nervous tissue
20
Q
tissues that covers the body and lines its organs and cavities and glands
A
Epithelial tissue
21
Q
secretions are released to external body surface via ducts
A
exocrine glands
22
Q
irregularly shaped cells
A
squamous
23
Q
cube shaped cells
A
cuboidal
24
Q
column shaped cells
A
columnar
25
loose weave of collagen that holds many tissues and organs in place
loose connective tissue
26
tissue which contains fat to pad and insulate the body and store energy
adipose tissue
27
densely packed collagen fibers that form tendons and ligaments
fibrous connective tissue
28
strong but flexible tissue with collagen fibers
cartilage
29
rigid tissue made of collagen fibers
bone
30
fluid matrix
blood
31
types of connective tissue
```
loose
adipose
fibrous
cartilage
bone
blood
```
32
two or more types on primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function or functions
organs
33
What are the 11 different organ systems in the body
```
muscular
skeletal
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
integumentary
lymphatic/immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
```
34
What are the most common elements in the body
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
35
What is the name for an elemental unit
Atom
36
Mass of 1
| Charge of 0
Neutrons
37
Mass of 1
| Charge of +1
Proton
38
Mass ~0
| Charge -1
Electrons
39
Protons and neutrons occupy the ______ and the electrons occupy regions ___ this central area
atomic nucleus, surrounding
40
What tells the number of protons?
Atomic number
41
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons
atomic mass
42
determines the chemical properties of an atom
electron arrangement
43
How many electrons does the inner layer have
2
44
How many electrons does the outer layer have
8
45
Where is the valence shell
the outermost shell
46
What is the octet rule?
Atoms are happiest with 8 electrons in their outer shell
47
Bonds formed via donation or receipt of an electron
ionic bond
48
Atoms that have lost or gained electrons from or to their outer shell
ions
49
positively charged ion
cation
50
negavtively charged ion
anion
51
atoms bonded together via electron sharing
covalent bond
52
when do you have a non polar covalent bond
when atoms are shared equally
53
When do you have a polar covalent bond
when there is unequal sharing of electrons
54
What happens when water is ionized (positively or negatively)
H30+ and OH-
55
Compounds that contain at least 1 carbon atom
organic compounds
56
What kind of bonds do organic compounds like to form?
covalent bonds (tendency to fill their shell to 8 electrons)
57
very large organic compounds
marcomolecules
58
CnH2nO
carbohydrate
59
simplest carbohydrate
monosaccharide
60
When 2 monosaccharides are joined together
disaccharides (sugar)
61
Which fat has double bonds?
Unsaturated fat
62
what makes up the cell membrane?
phosopholipids
63
4 interlocking carbon rings with different functional groups attached to the backbone
steroids
64
type of fatty acid with a cyclic hydrocarbon group that serve as communication molecules
prostaglandins
65
help stimulate uteran contractions
prostaglandins
66
constructed from amino acids and linked by peptide bonds
proteins
67
```
structural
contractile
storage
defense
transport
signaling
enzymatic
```
seven major classes of proteins
68
What is the basic structure of a protein?
amino group, carboxyl group, functional side chain
69
what is the primary structure of a protein?
polypeptide chain
70
what is the secondary form of a protein structure?
formation of helix or sheet shape in a protein chain due to hydrogen bonds forming
71
what is the tertiary form of a protein structure?
twisting and folding
72
what is the quaternary form of a protein structure?
bonding interactions of multiple polypeptide chains
73
composed of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate grou[ and a nitrogenous base
nucleotides
74
nucleic acid that is single stranded and uses uracil instead oh thymine
RNA
75
separates the intracellular enviornment from extracellular movement and is composed of lipids, proteins and carbs
cell membrane
76
arranged in a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins suspended and attached
cell membrane
77
hydrophobic tails are towards the ____ while polar heads are toward the ____
middle,outside
78
types of membrane proteins
peripheral and integral
79
protein partially embedded in the membrane
peripheral
80
protein that spans the entire membrane
integral
81
types of carbohydrates in the cell membrane
glycolipids, glycoproteins
82
large numbers of molecules can be exchanged with extracellular fluid
bulk transfer
83
types of movement across membranes
endocytosis, exocytosis
84
cell eats by extending pseudopods, which form a vacuole around the particle
phagocytosis (phagocytosis)
85
invagination of the plasma membrane to pull materials into the cell
pinocytosis
86
binding of specific substances to receptor proteins of plasma membrane induces invagination when substances are pulled into the interior of the cell and packed into vesicle
receptor mediated endocytosis
87
merging of vesicle membrane with plasma membrane, which then releases materials into the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
88
fingerlike extensions found on the surface of tube like organs
villi/microvilli
89
hairlike structures projecting into the extracellular fluid, which contain microtubules and general flow
flagella
90
gel-like material inside cells
cytoplasm
91
network of protein fibers throughout cytosol that serves as structural support
cytoskeleton
92
sac-like organelles which contain digestive enzymes
lysosomes
93
an accumulation of macromolecules
lysosomal storage disease
94
causes lipids to accumulate in the brain, affecting the function of the CNS
Tay-Sach's disease
95
a build up on lipids in the spleen, liver or bone causing skeletal weakness
gaucher's disease
96
membraneous sacs
peroxisomes
97
power generators of the cell
mitochondria
98
folds in the mitochondria
cristae
99
DNA in mitochondira
mtDNA
100
where proteins are made
ribosomes
101
system of membranous passageways from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
102
assists in protein synthesis and distribution
rough ER
103
stacks of flattened sacs that help prepare and package secretions and enzymes
golgi complex
104
control center, which contains DNA
nucleus
105
the DNA within the cell nucleus combines with protein
chromatin
106
nucleotide sequence that codes from mRNA production
exons
107
noncoding sequence that interrupts the eons producing variations of protein products
introns
108
from DNA to protein
Translation
109
from DNA to mRNA
Transcription
110
ribosome binds to mRNA
reads codons
tRNA binds with complementary sequences
tRNA carries specific AA
RNA sequence read by ribosomes
111
a single strand of RNA bent into cloverleaf shape where one end has the anticodon and the other has the appropriate AA
tRNA
112
3 nucleotides that will be complementary to the proper codon
anticodon
113
mRNA moves through ribosome
AA attached to tRNA and forms peptide bonds to each other and disassociate from the tRNA
tRNA disassociated from the mRNA as they lose their AA
continues until stop codon
Translation
114
encodes the structure for a particular protein
mRNA
115
carries AA to ribosome for inclusion in a newly synthesized protein
tRNA
116
strucutural components of ribosomes
rRNA
117
DNA copied
strands of double helix are separated
each strand used as a new copy of the complementary strand
Replications
118
Mitosis
```
Interphase
Prophase
Meta[hase
Anaphase
Telophase
```
119
centriols form asters and move apart while the nuclear membrane begins to break down
prophase
120
centrioles attach to spindle fibers at the middle
metaphase
121
centrioles begin movement to the poles
anaphase
122
the cell begins to split
telophase
123
process by which two cell division steps produce gametes
meiosis
124
pathological cell death when the death of cells damages adjacent cells
necrosis
125
homeostatic cell death that involves the process where specific cells die off in a controlled fashion
apoptosis
126
increase in cells of an organ or tissue due to increased cell division
hyperplasia
127
increase in cell size in an organ or tissue
hypertrophy
128
biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions, but doesn't change at the end of reaction or doesn't change the nature of reaction
enzyme
129
the amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed
activation energy
130
speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
catalysts
131
enzyme (locks) into a specifically shaped key (substrate) can fit
lock and key model
132
binds specific substrates to and active site, which catalyzes specific chemical reactions
active site specificity
133
how does pH affect the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
enzymes exhibit peak activity within a narrow pH range and the pH changes/alters site
134
how does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions
as substrate concentration increases, so will the rate of the reaction until the reaction reaches saturation
135
how does enzyme concentration affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions
increasing enzyme concentration will also increase the rate of reaction up to saturation point
136
how does temperature affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions
as temp increases, rate of reaction will increase, however the effect of bond breaking will become greater and greater and the rate of reaction will begin to decrease
137
derived from water soluble vitamins which transport Hydrogen atoms and other small molecules
Coenzymes
138
help the active site through conformational change of the enzyme of helps in enzyme-substrate binding (typically metal ions)
Cofactors
139
sequence of enzymatic reactions that begins with an initial substrate and progresses through a number of intermediates and ends with a final product
metabolic pathways
140
product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next
straight chain pathway
141
two or more enzymes working together
branched pathway
142
the ate of chemical reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
law of mass action
143
a from of negative feedback in which increased levels of a product decreases the rate of product formation (ex: regulation of ATP formation by phosphofructokinase)
End product inhabitation
144
the flow of energy in living systems
bioenergetics
145
first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transformed
146
chemical reaction that requires an input of energy
endergonic
147
chemical reactions that produce energy
exergonic
148
all the chemical reactions in the body that involve energy transformations
metabolism
149
releases energy by breaking large molecules down into smaller molecules
catabolic reactions
150
requires energy input that synthesize large molecules
anabolic reactions
151
what reactions break down foods to serve as energy sources for the anabolism of ATOP?
catabolic reactions
152
the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water
cellular respiration
153
what are the 2 methods of breaking down food
aerobic respiration
| anaerobic respiration
154
What are the three steps of aerobic respiration of glucose
Glycolysis
Citric acid Cycle
Electron Transport
155
process that converts/breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruivic acid
glycolysis
156
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
157
Product of glycolysis
Glucose+2NAD+2ADP+2Pi = 2 pyretic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP
158
fate of pyruvate if oxygen is present...
oxygen is the last electron
159
fate of pyruvate if oxygen is not present
anaerobic metabolism/lactic acid fermentation
160
occurs in muscle, RBCs and other cells when oxygen supply falls below oxygen demand
lactic acid
161
enormous amount of free energy release that is used to drive ATP synthesis and the MAIN METHOD for producing ATP in most cells
aerobic respiration of glucose
162
begins with glycolysis
aerobic respiration of glucose
163
pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and enters the mitochondrial matrix and then combines with coenzymes
aerobic metabolism
164
occurs in mitrocondria and begins with acetyl coA
Krebs cycle
165
Produces 3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP
Krebs cycle
166
turns twice for each glucose moleculeds
krebs cycle
167
In the krebs cycle, each glucose molecules results in
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2
168
what is the final step of cellular respiration
electron transport
169
series of membrane-bound carriers transfer electrons between membrane proteins
electron transport
170
during electron transport, which steps create the most ATP
32-34
171
formation of glycogen from glucose
glycogenesis
172
occurs in liver and muscle cells when glucose and ATP are present in high amount in response to hormonal and neural signals
glycogenesis
173
two way traffic of lactic acid being shipped to the liver and then back to the muscle
Cori Cycle
174
energy storage location
white adipose tissue
175
breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol using enzyme lipase
lipolysis
176
mechanisms of transport across plasma membrane
carrier- mediated (facilitated diffusion)
| simple difusion
177
movement of molecules with the concentration gradient
passive transport
178
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilited diffuison
passive transport
179
movement of molecule against the concentration gradient
active transport
180
movement of particles in a solution due to random thermal motion
diffusion
181
due to ____, molecules that are __ can pass from of side of the cell membrane to the other
phospholipid bilayer, nonpolar/lipid soluble
182
the difference in the concentration of a substance between two locations
concentration gradient
183
diffuses easily across the cell membrane
water and non polar molecules
184
permits the passage of charged inorganic ions
protein channels
185
factors affecting rate of diffusion
```
temp
surface area
concentration gradient
size of particles
diffusion medium
```
186
how does temperature affect diffusion
higher temperatures lead to a faster diffusion
187
how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion
larger surface area make diffusion faster
188
what happens if the concentration gradient is high
difusión will happen faster
189
how does the size of particles affect the rate of diffusion
smaller particles diffuse faster
190
how do diffusion mediums affect the rate of diffusion
solids--slowest
liquid-- faster
gas--fastest
191
the number of total solute per liter of solution/ measurement of the concentration of a solution
osmolality
192
the pressure/force needed to stop osmosis
osmotic pressure
193
the effect of a solute concentration on the osmotic movement of water
tonicity
194
determines whether cell remains same size, swells, or shrinks when a solution surrounds the cell
tonicity
195
same osmotic pressure on both sides of the membrane
isotonic solution
196
hypotonic solution
a solution with lower osmotic pressure than inside the cell
197
a solution with higher osmotic pressure than inside the cell
hypertonic solution
198
what increases osmolality in blood
thirst
ADH
decreased excretion of water in urine
199
bind to transported substance on one side of the membrane
undergo shape change
release substance on opposite side of membrane
carrier mediated transport
200
characteristics of carrier proteins
specificiity
competition
saturation
201
substances move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration and require a carrier molecule
facilitated diffusion
202
transport of glucose
facilitated diffusion
203
moves a substance against its concentration gradient and requires a carrier molecule
active transport (primary active or secondary active)
204
occurs when the hydrolysis of ATP is directly responsible for the function of the carriers (proteins in the plasma membrane)
primary active transport
205
reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water
hyrolysis
206
primary energy source is an ion concentration gradient (coupled transport)
secondary active transport
207
ions flow from a high to low concentration, providing energy for actively transported substance
secondary active transport
208
transport necessary in oder for a molecules o ion to move from the external environment into the blood
transport across epithelial membranes
209
generates concnetration gradients and electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of cell
sodium potassium ATP pump
210
why is sodium potassium ATP pump importat
generates electrical impulses
| drives co-transports of other substances across the plasma membrane
211
an ionic concentration gradient across a membrane permeable to only one ion
equilibrium potential
212
types of cell signaling
gap junctions
paracrine signaling
synaptic signaling
endocrine signaling
213
cell signal that allows adjacent cells to pass ions and regulatory molecules through a channel between cells
gap junctions
214
cell signaling that happens when adjacent cells secrete molecules that diffuse through the membrane of nearby target cells
paracrine signaling
215
cell signaling that happens when neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
synaptic signaling
216
cell signaling that happens when cells secrete hormones into the extra cellular fluid and they enter the blood and are carried to the cells of the body
endocrine signaling
