Test 3 (Cardiovascular system)

Question 1

What does plasma consist of?

Answer 1

90% water
Acts as fluid for transport
7-9% proteins

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

RBC

Question 3

Leukocytes

Answer 3

WBC

Question 4

Thrombocytes

Answer 4

Platelets

Question 5

Contain no nucleus or organelles and have a disc shape

Answer 5

Erythrocytes

Question 6

Oxygen carrying cell

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

What removes most of old RBC

Answer 7

Spleen

Question 8

Refers to a below normal O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Answer 8

Anemia

Question 9

What are some causes of anemia?

Answer 9

dietary deficiency
pernicious anemia
blood loss
bone marrow failure
hemolytic anemia

Question 10

Colorless cell fragments that function for about 10 days

Answer 10

platelets

Question 11

Hormone produced by liver increases number of megakaryocytic and therefore increases platelet production

Answer 11

Thrombopoienin

Question 12

What are the 3 major steps involved in Hemostasis?

Answer 12

vascular spasm
formation of platelet plug
Blood clotting

Question 13

Reduced blood flow through a damaged vessel

Answer 13

Vasculr spasm

Question 14

Platelets aggregate on contact with exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel, which then release ADP which causes platelets to become sticky

Answer 14

Formation of platelet plug

Question 15

Mobile units of bodys immune defense system

Answer 15

Leukocytes

Question 16

What are the two circuits of the heart?

Answer 16

Pulmonary

Systemic

Question 17

Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and releases CO2 and picks up O2

Answer 17

Pulmonary

Question 18

Takes blood from left side of the heart to the body.. Releases O2 and picks up CO2

Answer 18

Systemic

Question 19

What are the valves

Answer 19

atrioventricular

Semilunar

Question 20

When are values open?

Answer 20

When pressure is greater behind the valve

Question 21

When do valves close?

Answer 21

When pressure is greater in front of the valve

Question 22

Allow blood to flow from atrium to ventricle only

Answer 22

Valves

Question 23

Prevent valves from reverting during ventricular contraction

Answer 23

Chordae tendon attached to papillary muscles

Question 24

Narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle, which causes heart murmur

Answer 24

Aortic stenosis

Question 25

Defect in ventricular septum, which causes heart murmur

Answer 25

VSD

Question 26

Cardiac

Answer 26

2 phases: Systole | Diastole

Question 27

What happens in Systole phase?

Answer 27

Isovolumetric contraction | Ejection

Question 28

Isovolumetric contaction

Answer 28

Ventricles contract but no blood ejected BP rises above pressure in atria Atriventricular valves shut

Question 29

Ejection

Answer 29

look at pp

Question 30

What happens in Diastole Cycle?

Answer 30

Isovolumetric Relaxation Rapid filling Atrial contraction

Question 31

Pressure in ventricles drops below arterial pressure Semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood No change in ventricular volume

Answer 31

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Question 32

Atria fail to contract regularly

Answer 32

Atrial fibrillation

Question 33

What are the 3 specialized types of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 33

Auto rhythmic cells | Contractile cells

Question 34

Sequence of Electrical Activity of Heart

Answer 34

``` SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Spread to non-conducting ventricular cells through gap junctions ```

Question 35

Atrial depolarization

Answer 35

P wave

Question 36

QRS wave

Answer 36

spread of depolarization

Question 37

T wave

Answer 37

depolarization of ventricles

Question 38

Provides blood supply to heart during diastole

Answer 38

Coronary vessels

Question 39

Chest pain resulting from lack of oxygen to heart

Answer 39

angina

Question 40

Caused by a weak left ventricle that is not pumping effectively

Answer 40

congestive heart failure

Question 41

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute

Answer 41

cardiac output

Question 42

Force exerted by blood

Answer 42

pressure

Question 43

What are determinants of blood flow

Answer 43

blood viscosity vessel length vessel radius

Question 44

Carry blood away from heart to tissues

Answer 44

Arteries

Question 45

Smaller branches of arteries

Answer 45

aterioles

Question 46

Smallest of vessels across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells

Answer 46

Capillaries

Question 47

Formed when capillaries rejoin and it returns blood to heart

Answer 47

Venules

Question 48

Formed when venues merge

Answer 48

Veins

Question 49

Maximal arterial pressure when the heart contracts

Answer 49

Systolic pressure (120)

Question 50

Minimum pressure when blood is draining off into vessels downstream

Answer 50

Diastolic (70)

Question 51

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle

Answer 51

Mean arterial pressure

Question 52

Restriciton in blood supply to tissues

Answer 52

ischemia

Question 53

Blood pressure above 140/90

Answer 53

Hypertension

Question 54

elevated bp due to age and treated with lifestyle modifications

Answer 54

Primary hypertension

Question 55

Elevated bp due to preceding cause

Answer 55

secondary hypertension

Question 56

Blood pressure below 100/60

Answer 56

hypotension

Question 57

What factors enhance venous return

Answer 57

driving pressure from cardiac contraction sympathetically induced vein vasconstricition skeletal muscle activity

Question 58

clots develop in the veins of lower limbs

Answer 58

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Question 59

Occurs when the valves in the veins weaken and fail and blood pools in the veins

Answer 59

Varicose veins

Question 60

Stretch receptors that sense bp and relay information to the brain

Answer 60

baroreceptors

Question 61

Secreted in response to low blood pressure and low blood flow to kidneys

Answer 61

Aldosterone