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test 2 review prep Flashcards

1
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

where does electron transport chain(ETC) take place?

A

in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria

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4
Q

what is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

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5
Q

what is the product of the citric acid cycle?

A

6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

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6
Q

what is the product of electric transport chain?

A

32 ATP

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7
Q

does glycolysis occur w or w/o oxygen

A

both; if w/o oxygen pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid and is made and stored in the muscles causing cramps

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8
Q

does citric acid cycle occur w or w/o oxygen?

A

with oxygen

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9
Q

does ETC occur w or w/o oxygen

A

w oxygen

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10
Q

what is the final acceptor of ETC?

A

oxygen

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11
Q

cyanosis is what color and means what

A

blue; low oxygenation of hemoglobin`

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12
Q

pallor is what color and means what

A

blanching/pale; anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

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13
Q

erythema is what color and means what?

A

redness; Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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14
Q

jaundice is what color and means what

A

yellow; liver disorder

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15
Q

_______ causes the _______ hue of fair skin and is due because of ________levels of ______

A

Hemoglobin, pinkish, lower, melanin

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16
Q

_____ is the only _____ made in skin and is made by ____________ that have melanin packaged into ________________

A

melanin, pigment, melanocytes, melanosomes

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17
Q

______ is a ________ or __________ pigment that is most obv in our hands and feet and can be converted into vit ___ and accumulates in stratum _______ and the _____ tissue of hypodermis

A

carotene, yellow, orange, hands, feet, A, corneum, fatty

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18
Q

name both layers of skin and the layer that is not apart of the skin layers

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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19
Q

name all 5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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20
Q

how many layers in hands and feet

A

5

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21
Q

how many layers everywhere else (exc. hands/feet) and what layer don’t they have

A

stratum lucidum

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22
Q

melanin provides _____ protection

A

UV

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23
Q

the cells that are in skin are

A

dendritic cells, melanocytes, tactile cells, kertinocytes, stem cells

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24
Q

name of membrane for skin

A

cutaneous membrane

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25
name for the only dry membrane
cutaneous membrane
26
name both serous membranes
parietal and visceral membranes
27
serous membranes in heart
parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
28
serous membranes in lungs
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
29
serous membranes in abdominopelvic cavity
parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum
30
__________ membranes line body cavities that are open to the ________.
mucous, exterior
31
the epidermis is __________ ____________ ___________ epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous
32
the _________ is attached to a thick layer of _____________ tissue
dermis, connective
33
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).
non-ciliated simple squamous ET
34
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface, bronchioles
non-ciliated simple cuboidal ET
35
Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to large intestine), ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes
non-ciliated simple columnar ET
36
ciliated variety lines the trachea, bronchi most of upper respiratory tract = nasal cavity
ciliated pseudostratified columnar ET
37
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, tongue, pharynx, vagina and anus; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
non-ciliated stratified squamous ET
38
Lines the ureters, Urinary bladder, part of the urethra
transitional
39
cells with cilia can be found in the _________ tract, ____________ system
respiratory, reproductive
40
cells w microvilli can be found in the ____________, neurons, ________ tubules, ________ cells and lymphocytes.
intestines, kidney, dendritic
41
name the 2 types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
42
apocrine sg can be found in the
axillary and inguinal
43
eccrine sg are on the _______ and they produce ______ due to _________ in body temp
surface, sweat, elevations
44
composition of sweat is 99% _____, ______, vit ___, _____bodies, and wastes
water, salts, C, antibodies
45
sebaceous glands are ____ glands
oil
46
____________ glands line external ear and create earwax which is also known as ______
ceruminous, cerumen
47
mammary glands secrete ______
milk
48
some characteristics of the epidermis:
it's avascular,, superficial thinner region, keratinized stratified squamous ET, has polarity, cells are stuck tg by desmosomes
49
skin is the
first line of defense; loose connective tissue
50
layers of dermis and what its made of
papillary and reticular; dense irregular
51
name the fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic
52
cell cycle in order
G1, S, G2
53
______ is the longest in the cell cycle
interphase
54
what happens in G1
cell growth
55
what happens in S
DNA replication
56
what happens in G2
prep for mitosis (cell division)
57
name types of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
58
telophase is the division of the _______
nucleus
59
cytokinesis is the splitting of the __________
cytoplasm
60
3 consecutive nucleotides are called a ______
triplet
61
3 consecutive mRNA are called a _______
codon
62
3 consecutive tRNA are called an __________
anticodon
63
1st degree burn layers/ observations
epidermis; redness, edema, pain
64
2nd degree burn layers/ observations
epidermis and dermis; redness edema pain and blistering
65
3rd degree burn layers/ obervations
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis; edema redness no pain
66
4th deg burn layers/ observations
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and all underlying muscle, tissue, or fat; no pain w blackness
67
threadlike DNA is
chromatin
67
duplicated chromosome is
chromatid
68
condensed chromatin is
chromosome
69
centromere does what
bonds 2 chromatids tg
70
mitosis occurs in which epidermal layer
stratum basale
71
cells push up in which epidermal layer
stratum spinosum
72
cells become waxy in which epidermal layer
stratum granulosum
73
keratinocytes are secreting
keratin
74
anything above the granulosum is considered
dead
75
Substrate-level phosphorylation is when ______ energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates to ___
high, ADP
76
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the
most ADP
77
skin cancer thats easiset to get rid of
basal cell carcinoma
78
skin cancer resistant to chemotherapy
squamous cell carcinoma
79
skin cancer that is the worst
malignant melanoma
80
embryotic skeleton starts out as what
cartilage
81
cartilage at the ends of long bones
hyaline cartilage
82
growing bones have what to characterize themselves
epiphyseal plates
83
epiphyseal plates that ossify are called
epiphyseal line
84
hyperplasia is ______ growth that ______ cell numbers when needed
accelerated, increases
85
cartilages have _______________ that are in lacunae
chondrocytes
86
specialized cell in bone
osteocytes
87
bone is made of ________ phosphate
calcium
88
white fat
fat that provides long term energy
89
brown fat produces
heat for our bodies
90
glycogenesis creates __________ from ______
glycogen, carbs
91
gluconeogenesis creates _________ from __________ sources
glucose, non-carb
92
Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down _________ into _________ to produce ___________
glycogen, glucose, energy
93
muscle is a
tissue
93
transcription occurs in the ________ , is _RNA, and it makes ____ of _____
nucleus, mRNA, copies, DNA
93
cells in digestive tract have _____ junction
tight
94
cells in epithelial tissue have
desmosomes
95
smooth muscle is (vol/invol)
involuntary
95
3 stop codons are
UAG, UGA, UAA
95
translation occurs in the ______, is _RNA, and it takes an ______ acid to the ___________
cytoplasm, tRNA, ribosome
96
skeletal muscle is _______ and is ___________
voluntary, striated
96
cardiac muscle is ___________ and is __________
involuntary, striated
96
like cells that come together make
tissues
97
when like tissues come together they make
organs
97
spindle apparatus is made of ______ and pulls sister chromatids tg during _____ and apart during _____
microtubules, metaphase, anaphase
97
organs come tg to make
organ systems
98
organ systems come tg to make
organismals
98
no oxygen in cellular resp. is called
anaerobic resp
99
keratinocytes are found
in the epidermis
99
hypodermis/ subcutaneous layer (is/ is not) a part of the skin, and is mainly made up of __________ tissue
is not/ adipose tissue
99
if oxygen is present in cellular respiration it is called
aerobic respiration
100
chondrocytes are w/i
cartilage tissue
100
adipocytes are w/i
fat layers
101
melanocytes are found w/i
skin, eyes, ears, brain, heart
101
osteocytes w/i
bones
102
job of hair root
provide nutrients and blood supply to hair
103
blasts are
immature cells
103
hydrolysis is going from something ____ to something _____
big, small
103
merocrine
releases secretions via exocytosis
103
vellus body hair is Pale, _____ body hair found on ______ and women
fine, children
104
cytes are
mature cells
104
dense ct is
poorly vascularized
104
holocrine
cell ruptures
104
cartilage is (vascular, avascular)
avascular
104
loose ct, bone, and adipose are
highly vascularized

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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