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A & P > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

excitation
Phase 1

A
  1. impulse travels down axon
  2. impulse opens calcium channels which cause calcium to enter into the terminal
  3. Ca2+ causes vesicles to release ACh through exocutosis into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh binds to the ACh receptors in sarcolemma
  5. channels open and Na+ enters muscle
    cell
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2
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

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3
Q

muscle cells and nerve cells are…

A

exciteable

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4
Q

depolarization

A

inward movement of sodium-the increase of positive charge inside of the cell

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5
Q

repolarization

A

when potassium leaves the cell, going back to its rest state…going back to negative state

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6
Q

four steps of contraction and relaxation:

A

Excitation
Excitation and contraction coupling
Contraction
Relaxation

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7
Q

2 guards

A

troponin
tropomyosin

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8
Q

somatic means

A

body

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9
Q

motor means

A

movement

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10
Q

what does the skeletal system allow the body to do

A

movement, move body parts, breathing
stability, posture and joints
Heat and production
Hormone secretion and glycemic control

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11
Q

Heat production(thermogenesis)

A

skeletal muscles produce 20-30% of body heat @rest and up to 85% in exercise

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

surrounds entire muscel

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13
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds multiple muscle fibers-groups into fascicle

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14
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds each muscle fiber cell

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15
Q

skeletal muscles are..

A

voluntary, striated, alternating light and dark. usually attached to bones

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16
Q

muscle cell characteristics

A

excitability-responsiveness
contractility-shortens
extensibility-stretches
elasticity-goes backd

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17
Q

skeletal muscle connective muscle sheaths from external to internal

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
fascia

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18
Q

sarcomere is..

A

the basic unit of muscle contraction…the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber that contain ACh receptors. ACh binds and opens gated channels. slat floods in and potassium goes out

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19
Q

What components make up a sarcomere?

A

M Lines- attach to myosin
Z lines-where thin filaments attach
Actin-thin line
Myosin-thick line

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20
Q

Where is a contraction taking place in the sarcomere

A

the region between the two z lines with actin and myosin filaments crossing over each other

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21
Q

High calcium concentration=
low calcium concentration=

A

High calcium-contraction
low calcium-relaxation

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22
Q

thick filaments of mysosin are…

A

hundreds of myosin proteins, they have a tail and two heads

23
Q

thin filaments of actin are…

A

made of several G-actin proteins to form F-actin –like pearls on a string

24
Q

What structures compose the Neuromuscular junction

A

axon, avon, branch, axon terminal, synaptic vesicle, ACh, presynaptic membrane

25
Q

explain sliding filament..WHEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTRACTS..

A

it stimulates muscle fivers, the myosin heads on the thick filaments will interact with the binding sites on the actin subunits. The attachements will form and break several times as the thick filaments pull the thin filaments in towards the center of the sarcomere, thuspulling the Z discs toware the M line. The I Bands shorten and HZone disappears. A bands get close, the muscle shortens

26
Q

Which parts of the sarcomere are moving closer together and overlapping with one another

A

A bands
H overlaps

27
Q

What initiates a muscle contraction?

A

the nervous system. A nerve impulse travels down the axon and arrives at the axon terminal

28
Q

what effect does calcium have on the axon terminal>

A

calcium causes vesicles carrying acetylcholine to move towards the axon terminal’s membrane and release acetylcholine into the synapse

29
Q

acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which…

A

is in synaptic vessels in the axon terminal

30
Q

how is acetylcholine released? Where does it bind after it releases

A

through acetylcholine receptors.
it binds to the protein which makes a channel and it opens to allow Na+ to enter and Potassium to leave

31
Q

what is acetylcholinesterase?
why is it important for normal muscle function

A

it’s an enzyme in the synaptic cleft -it breaks down acetylcholine, and the ion channel closes, preventing further muscle contraction until another nerve impulse arrives

32
Q

explain the role of calcium and the calcium pump in relation to muscular contraction and relaxation

A

Na+channels close and K+ channels open.

33
Q

what is the end result of acetylcholine

A

action potential is reached
ACh is released (by motor neurons)to stimulate muscle contraction

34
Q

where does calcium bind to cause cross bridging

A

to troponin C -causing the conformational shift.
A cross bridge forms and myosin binds to a new positive actin

35
Q

Motor unit

A

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it. they behave as a functional unit

36
Q

motor nerve

A

collection of cells called neurons

37
Q

Isometric contraction

A

no shortening-muscle tension increases: does not exceed load (meter) stays the same–holding back and buttocks stiff without contracting during pushups

38
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle shortens; muscle tension exceeds load
T(tension) doing pushups with your arms.. a tonic

39
Q

muscle tension

A

force generated by contracting muscle load is the force placed on a muscle by an object
2 types: isometric and isotonic

40
Q

twitch

A

single fiber , single stimulus
smallest unit of a muscle

41
Q

muscle twitch is …

A

quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when a muscle is directly stimulated
singular twitches are not part of muscular activity
MS, traumatic brain injury
ALZheimers

42
Q

what causes muscle tone

A

muscle tone is the maintenance of partial contraction of a muscle. it is important for generating reflexes, maintaining posture, and balance, and proper function of other organ systems

43
Q

what are three ways ATP is regenerated during skeletal muscle contraction

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic
Phosphagen or creatine phosphate

44
Q

which type of pathway provides the most regeneration/energy

A

aerobic cellular respiration

45
Q

what are possible causes of muscle fatigue

A

improper exercise
ling time combat
military training
diseases like cancer and stroke

46
Q

longitudinal layer (smooth muscle layer)

A

outer layer, runs lengthwise along the body-shortens the tract

47
Q

circular layer

A

middle layer-prevents food from traveling backward

48
Q

Multiunit vs unitary smooth muscle

A

multiunit smooth muscle differs from single unit in that each smooth muscle cell receives its synaptic input

49
Q

where are multi unit muscle located

A

in the airways of lungs, large arteries, and ciliary muscles of the eye

50
Q

unitary are individual smooth cells that are…

A

couple to neighboring cells by gap junctions

51
Q

slow oxidative fibers

A

low intensity, long duration, maintain posture, stabilize joints
long distance running , cycling

52
Q

fast oxidative fibers

A

short intense activities, -weight lifting, sprinting

53
Q

fast glycolytic

A

faster twitch and larger force, 400 meter run, high intensity, short duration

54
Q

myofibrils

A

composed of thick (myosin) and thin(actin) filaments

A & P (7 decks)

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