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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

explain why the skin is considered an organ?

A

provides first impression
most vulnerable
exposed to radiation, infection, trauma, chemicals
more medical treatment than any other organ
largest and heaviest organ

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2
Q

describe the major functions of the skin

A

*resistance to trauma and infection,
*other barrier functions like UV rays, water,
*Vitamin D synthesis
*Sensation, many nerve endings such as touch, pressure, pain and vibration
*thermoregulation, altering blood flow to release or retain heat
*non-verbal communication like facial expressions

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3
Q

Stratum corneum

A

20-30 rows of flat, keratinized dead cells
accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness
though dead, cells still function to:
prevents water loss
accounts for most of thickness
protect from abrasion

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4
Q

stratum basale

A

attached to the dermis. bottom layer of the epidermis. consists of a single row of actively dividing cells; daughter cells rise to surface of skin
cells die as they move to surface, others remain in basale as stem cells

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5
Q

stratum granulosum

A

last living layer ; cells flatten; no longer dividing; too far from dermal capillaries to survive
nuclei and organelles disintegrate. keratinization begins

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6
Q

stratum spinosum

A

eat bacteria
*serveral layers thick
contain prekeratin filaments-allows them to resist tension and pulling.
keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey so they are called prickle cells

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7
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

couple cell layers thick
found only in thick skin
thin, translucent band
clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

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8
Q

epidermis

A

top layer, the skin
superficial region
only epithelial tissue
avascular(gets its blood supply from below)

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9
Q

dermis

A

underlies epidermis; mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular,
gives skin strength and elasticity
*location of sensory nerves, cells, glands

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10
Q

hypodermis

A

contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, Rich in adipose (50% of total body fat)
anchors skin to underlying structure

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11
Q

primary cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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12
Q

produces a protein called fibrous keratin which…

A

makes skin hydrophobic and strong… so you don’t swell up in a pool

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin, located in melanosomes. they are transferred keratinocytes, where they protect DNA from UN damage

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

macrophages that patrol
tactile cells; sensory receptors that sense light touch… such as a bug crawling on you

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15
Q

thick skin contain ___ layers

A

5 Come lets get sun burnt
Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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16
Q

thin skin has ___ layers

A

4 Come get sun Burnt
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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17
Q

Where are dead skin cells located

A

Stratum corneum

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18
Q

Where is mitosis taking place ?

A

Stratum Basale
a row of columnar cells

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19
Q

What role do the melanocytes play?

A

they provide pigmentation and thus protection for UV rays

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20
Q

what role do the keratinocytes play

A

they play multiple roles essential for skin repair
chief role is to produce keratin, the fibrous protein the helps give the epidermis its protective properties

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21
Q

what are the four different cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic cells
tactile cells

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22
Q

primary cells of epidermis
protective properties
tightly connected by desmosomes

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin
melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes -they protect DNA from UV damage

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24
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

control deeper layers of epidermis-key activation of immune system

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25
Tactile Cells
sensory receptors, sense light touch
26
first degree burns
top layer of skin, epidermis redness, slight edema(swelling) and pain in heals in days
27
Second degree burns
partial thickness burns-involves parts of dermis. blistered, pain possible scars weeks or months to heal
28
third degree burns
all of epidermis, all of dermis and often subcutaneous(hypodermis) not painful-too deep. no nerve endings left need skin grafts, fluid replacement, infection control, supplements and nutrition
29
the dermis has two layers 1. Papillary
above finger-like very loose, not a lot of fiber, plenty of wiggle room rich in small blood vessels
30
the dermis has two layers 2. Reticular
below deep to papillary deeper, thicker layer of dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue damaged dermal blood vessels may cause blister ( shoe friction etc)
31
the integumentary system consists of ..
hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
32
cells change by going through apoptosis
controlled cell death dead cells slough off as dander and dandruff humans can shed 50,000 cells a minute
33
excessive sun exposure causes
elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery can depress immune system causing alterations in DNA which causes cancer UV light destroys folic acid (B9) so it can be harmful to embryo
34
in the reticular dermis, collagen fibers run parallel to the skin, so...
incisions are made along these cleavage lines it also helps it to heal naturally
35
striae
stretch marks caused by extreme stretching of skin that causes dermal tears
36
hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue
contains more areolar and adipose tissue than the dermis pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues common site of drug injections due to many blood vessels subcutaneous fat: energy reservoir thermal insulation thicker in women thinner in infants, elderly
37
hair matrix
mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla; growth center for the hair
38
shaft is.. root is...
shaft is above skin surface root is below skin surface
39
arrector pili muscle
stand straight )-bundle of smooth muscle attaching hair follicle to dermis-contract to make hair stand on end (PILOERECTION) it is a sensory nerve and gives goosebumps
40
eccrine sweat glands
most numerous skin glands-3-4million in adult skin, especially dense on palms, soles, and forehead _produce watery perspiration that helps cool the body
41
apocrine sweat glands
groin and region axilla produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids inactive until puberty responds to stress and sexual stimulation disagreeable body odor usually bad hygiene
41
ceruminous sweat glands modified apocrine glands
lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (Earwax)
42
sebacious (oil) glands
widely distributed except for palms and soles mostly develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles relatively inactive until puberty; stimulated by hormones, especially androgens(male) secrete sebum oily secretion bacterial killing properties softens hair and skin
43
nail plate
hard part of nail, includes overhanging free edge, nail body(visible attached part) , and nail root over underlying skin
44
nails
clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum
45
skin color pigments-melanin
only pigment made in skin more sun=more protection=more melanin produced different amounts of melanin result in different skin tones
46
FUNCTIONS OF BONE(SKELETAL)
1. Blood cell formation 2. triglyceride (fat) storage 3. Hormone production 4. Support 5. Protection 6. Movement 7. Mineral and Growth Factor Storage
47
Describe the structure of a long bone
Diaphysis-the shaft of long bones are tubular in shape and consist of compact bone surrounding central medullary(marrow) cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults Epiphysis-ends of long bones that interact at a joint Articular (Hyaline) cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces
48
Bone membranes Periosteum
white membranes that covers external surfaces except for joints -contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels -anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
49
Bone membranes Endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces (medullary cavity) -cover trabeculae of spongy bone -lines canals that pass through compact bone
50
WHAT IS AN OSTEOGENIC CELL
actively dividing stem cells located in the periosteum and endosteum. can differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells when appropriate
51
what are osteoblasts
the bone builders bone forming cells that secrete bone matrix called osteoid osteoblasts are actively dividing (MITOTIC)
52
what are osteocytes
The monitor mature bone cells_no longer dividing Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors Communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts(cells that break down bone) so bone remodeling can occur
53
What are osteoclasts?
the bone crushers come from the same stem cell line that produce macrphages Function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone)
54
Osteon is...
the structural unit of compact bone-cylinder
55
Spongy (trabecular) bone is ...
Organized along stress lines Trabeculae, like cables, confer strength to bones
56
Organic components of bone include...
cells and osteoid -osteoid contains collagen and ground substance. contributes to flexiblity and strength
57
Inorganic components of bone are...
mostly hydroxyapatite-a mineral salt with calcium phosphates. makes bones extremely hard
58
WHAT IS OSSIFICATION?
the process of how bone tissue forms bone tissue formation begins in month 2 of development-prenatal postnatal(after birth) bone growth occurs until early adulthood
59
there are two types of ossification
endochondral iintramembranous
60
how are endochondral and intramembranous different?
endochondral ossification-start out as a cartilage-through the use of bone cells , replace the cartilage with bones. this is most of our bones intramembranous ossification(within a membrane)- forms our clavicle and most of the skull.
61
embryonic
form within embryonic tissue, they deposit matrix which becomes bone
62
Wolfe's Law
bones grow or remodel in response to stress (demands) placed on them
63
LONG BONES
longer than they are wide (femur, humerus, tibia
64
short bones
almost equal in length and width(bones in wrist, ankles and heel bone
65
flat bones
mostly in skull, sternum, scapulaei
66
irregular bones
vertebra and chip bones, asymmetrical (back bone, hips, skull
67
Girdles attach limbs to...
axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic (pectoral) shoulder girdle
68
axial skeleton
in the center, midline of the body skull, vertebral column, rib cage
69
appendicular (appendages)
upper and lower limbs
70
OSTEOPOROSIS
A GROUP OF DISEASES IN WHICH BONE RESORPTION EXCEEDS DEPOSITION, CAUSING BONE MASS TO DECLINE affects 30% of women 60-70 affects 80% of women over 80
71
STRESS FRACTURE
break caused by trauma to a bone. example in a fall
72
pathological fracture
break in a bone weakened by disease(such as bone cancer or osteoporosis usually caused by a stress that would not normally break a bone
73
fractures classified by structural characteristics
displaced and non-displaced
74
fractures -cracked or in multiple pieces..
comminuted or greenstick, spiral, compound, and transverse
75
PTH parathyroid hormone
produced in response to low blood calcium levels stimulates osteoclasts to resorb(breaks down) bone -calcium is released into blood, raising levels PTH secretion stops when hoomeostatic calcium levels are reached
76
calcitonin
produced by thyroid gland in response to high levels of blood calcium -inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

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