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A & P > Test 4 nervous system > Flashcards

Test 4 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system uses…
and it occurs in three steps…

A

…The nervous system uses cells called neurons to send messages from cell to cell, by chemical or electrical means
. the three steps are
Sensory input
Integration
Motor output

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2
Q

the nervous system is …

A

the master controlling and communicating system of the body

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3
Q

Sensory input is…

A

touch, pain, temp, vibration..
these travel from body to central nervous system

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4
Q

Integration is…

A

processing the information and will determine the correct response

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5
Q

Motor output

A

produces and responds

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord, sensory input
PNS Peripheral Nervous system-NERVES AND GANGLIA, motor output

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7
Q

What is a nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers(axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

what is ganglion

A

a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies of PNS are concentrated

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9
Q

CNS central nervous system contains…

A

brain and spinal cord. in center. understands the action

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10
Q

PNS peripheral nervous system contains…

A

arms, fingers, toes, chest, abdomen,
also contains spinal nerves to and from spinal cord and cranial nerves to and from brain

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11
Q

What does the sensory division do

A

sensory division(afferent) carries signals from receptors to CNS
There are two divisions
1. somatic
2. visceral

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12
Q

Somatic sensory division carries what…

A

signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints ex. touch, pain, temp, vibration

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13
Q

Visceral sensory division carries what…

A

carries signals from the viscera( heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder ex.pain, filling of organs, bloating , distension, nausea

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14
Q

Motor(efferent) division carries signals from CNA to effectors which are…

A

glands and muscles that carry out the body’s response
4 kinds
Somatic
visceral
sympathetic
parasympathetic

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15
Q

What does somatic motor division do?

A

Somatic motor division(efferent)
carries signals to skeletal muscles.;causes voluntary muscle contraction and automatic reflexes

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16
Q

What does visceral motor division do

A

the visceral motor division ANS(autonomic nervous system) carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle;no voluntary control. called visceral reflexes

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17
Q

What does the sympathetic division of ANS do?

A

stimulates and prepares the body for action

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18
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of ANS do?

A

has a calming effect on the body

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19
Q

neurons are…

A

excitable, conductive and they secrete

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20
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent neurons which detect stimulus and transmit info to CNS
Motor neurons(efferent) sends signals out to muscles and glands.ie. flinching, flexing, producing saliva
Interneurons (inbetween) connect sensory neurons to motor neurons-our decision makers

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21
Q

Which matter has no myelin

A

Gray matter

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22
Q

Which matter has myelin

A

White matter

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23
Q

multipolar neuron is

A

most common type , the most neurons in CNS-one axon and multiple dendrites

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24
Q

unipolar neurons

A

or pseudo are found in PNS-single process leading away from cell body;splits into peripheral process and central process

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25
Q

Where are organelles contained

A

the cell body

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26
Q

Most numerous neurites, resembling branching of a tree; primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons
(can be one or thousands of them)

A

dendrites

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27
Q

Long, cylindrical extension, relatively unbranched but may give off ____collaterals; specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals

A

Axon(nerve fiber)

28
Q

Axon has its own membrane called…

A

axolemma

29
Q

a neuron never has more than one …
Some neurons have..

A

axon
none

30
Q

a neuron structure originates at…. mound on one side of cell body

A

axon hillock

31
Q

a neuron structure ends in a_____ which forms a synapse with the next cell

A

bulbous axon terminal

32
Q

bundle of axons in the CNS

A

tracts

33
Q

bundle of axons in the PNS

A

nerves

34
Q

many dendrites but no axon. found in brain, retina and adrenal gland

A

anaxonic neuron

35
Q

Two- way passage of materials along an axon

A

Axonal transport:
Anterograde (move away from cell body)transport and
Retrograde transport(move toward cell body)

36
Q

If there is movement away from the cell body, down the axon, driven by motor protein kinesin( materials made to be transported such as enzymes and ion channels) it is …

A

Anterograde Transport

37
Q

If there is movement toward the cell body, driven by motor protein dynein
(materials for disposal)

A

Retrograde Transport

38
Q

Non-neural supportive cells of the central nervous system are…

A

Glial cells

39
Q

Glial cells are mature neurons and cannot divide which is called …

A

amitotic

40
Q

most common glial cell… star shaped, maintain neuron environment, form the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocyte

41
Q

form myelin sheath in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

42
Q

line brain cavities and secrete spinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

43
Q

Immune cells-engulf debris, perform phagocytosis

A

Microglia

44
Q

glia cells that form myelin sheath of the PNS

A

Schwann cells
(Neurolemmocytes)

45
Q

surround nerve cell bodies of ganglia in PNS; provide insulation and regulate chemical environment

A

Satellite cells

46
Q

mature neurons have little or no capacity for mitosis and seldom form ….

A

brain tumors

47
Q

brain tumors arise from protective membranes of CNS called…

A

meninges

48
Q

brain tumors arise from:

A

Meninges
Metastasis from other non-neural tumors in other parts of the body
Glial cells that are mitotically active through life

49
Q

tumors of glial cells, grow rapidly and are highly malignant… called…

A

gliomas

50
Q

Blood brain barrier decreases effectiveness of…

A

chemotherapy for tumors…
Radiation or surgery are main treatments for brain tumor

51
Q

Most common types of brain tumors
More commonly in men, any age
Symptoms:
nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, loss of balance, hearing seizures, paralysis

A

Astrocytomas

52
Q

spiral layers of insulation around an axon

A

myelin sheath
formed by Schwann cells in PNS
and Oligodendrocytes in CNS

53
Q

Production of myelin sheath is called…

A

myelination

54
Q

when does the myelin sheath begin? and be completed?

A

During fetal development
proceeds rapidly in infancy and is complete by late adolescence

55
Q

the myelin sheath consists of the plasma membranes of these cells…

A

20% protein
80% lipid

56
Q

The speed at which a nerve signal travels down an axon depends on two factors…

A

Diameter-larger axons have more surface area and conduct more rapidly
Presence or absence of myelin-myelin speeds conduction

57
Q

disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord.
Immune system attachs myelin sheath of CNS neurons
:numbness, weakness, electric shock sensations…etc

A

Multiple Sclerosis

58
Q

auto-immune condition where the myelin sheath of the PNS is destroyed by the body
includes pain or sensation, muscle weakness
starts distally and moves proximally
Life threatening if respiratory muscles are affected

A

Guillain Barre Syndrome

59
Q

Charge difference across a plasma membrane
typically 70 millivolts(mV) in and unstimulated “resting” neuron.
this is called…

A

Resting membrane potential

60
Q

In RMP, negative value indicates..

A

more negatively charged particles on inside of membrane, compared to outside

61
Q

neurons are excitable cells meaning…

A

they can change their resting membrane potential

62
Q

Ions are unequally distributed between Extracellular and Intracellular fluid. The RMP results from the combined effect of …

A
  1. Diffusion of ions down their concentration gradient through membrane
  2. Selective permeability of the membrane-some pass more easily
    3.Electrical attraction of cations and anions to each other
63
Q

When gated channels are open, ions diffuse quickly. When it’s along chemical gradients…

A

it goes from high concentration to low concentration

64
Q

When gated channels are open, ions diffuse quickly.
when it’s along electrical gradients…

A

it goes to the opposite charge

65
Q

flow of ions creates an electrical current and voltage across
membrane. It’s called..

A

Electrochemical gradient

66
Q

What structures are located in the axon terminal?

A

vesicles, neurotransmitters, and Ca2+

A & P (7 decks)

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