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Pharmacology shi > Test 3 Antibiotic Shi > Flashcards

Test 3 Antibiotic Shi Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are the antibiotic classes?

A

Sulfonamides
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones

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2
Q

Sulfonamide mnemonic

A

S-sunlight sensitivity
U-undersireable effects; rash and renal toxic
L-look for urine output, fever, sore throat, bleeding
F- fluids galore!
A-anorexia, anemia

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3
Q

What kind of bacteria are sulfonamides effective against?

A

Gram positive and gram negative

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4
Q

True or false: Sulfonamides can be used against UTI’s

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What can sulfonamides be used in?

A

Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia (treated with co- trimoxazole)
Upper respiratory tract infections
UTI’s

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6
Q

Contraindications of Sulfonamides?

A

Known allergy; also avoid celecoxib
Pregnant women
Children under 2 months

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7
Q

What are interactions of Sulfonamides?

A

Sulfonylureas: Antidiabetic drugs ; potentiate hypoglycemia
Phenytoin: Antiepileptic drug ; increase risk of toxicity
Warfarin: Anticoagulant ; may potentiate
Oral Contraceptives: May reduce effectiveness (use barrier methods)

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8
Q

Side effects of Sulfonamides?

A

Blood: Anemia, thrombocytopenia
Integumentary: Photosensitivity, Steven Johnson Syndrome, epidermal necrolysis
GI: NVD, pancreatitis
Hepatotoxicity
Urticaria
Toxic nephrosis

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9
Q

What drugs fall under sulfanomides?

A

Co-trimoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole
Trimethoprim
Bactrim (combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) (aka: SMX-TMP)

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10
Q

What kinds of penicillins are there?

A

Natural
Penicillinase Resistant Drugs
Aminopenicilins
Extened-spectrum penicillins

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11
Q

Sulfa’s MOA

A

Inhibit folic acid synthesis

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12
Q

What are the natural penicillins and penicillinase resistant antibiotics indicated for?

A

Streptococcal infections: Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever
Pneumococcal Infections
Staphycoccal infections
Rat-bite fever

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13
Q

True or false: Aminopenicillins have enhanced ability to treat more gram negative infections than natural penicillins

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Examples of Natural Penicillins

A

Penicillin G
Penicillin V

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15
Q

Examples of penicillinase resistant drugs

A

Nafcillin
Cloxacillin
Oxacillin
Dicloxacillin

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16
Q

What are aminopenicillins and what are examples

A

They are semi synthetic
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

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17
Q

Examples of extended spectrum penicillins

A

Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin/clavulanate potassium (Timethin) (Clavulanate is abeta lactamase inhibitor)
Piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn) (Tazobactam is a beta lactamase inhibitor

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18
Q

What are beta lactamase inhibitors used for?

A

Bind with beta- lactamase enzyme to prevent break down of penicillin molecule
Reduce chances of resistance ; combine with penicillins

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19
Q

Examples of beta lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic Acid (Clavulanate)
Tazobactam
Sulbactam
Avibactam

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20
Q

Indications of penicillins

A

Prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria
Extended spectrum are good against gram pos, neg, and anaerobic organisms; these are useful in treating healthcare associated infections
Gonorrhea
Perionitis
UTI
Pneumonia and other resp infx
Septicimia
Meningitis

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21
Q

Adverse effects of penicillins

A

Urticaria, pruritis, angioedma
Pt’s allergic have increased risk of allergy to other beta lactam antibiotics
Patients w history of throat swelling or hives should not get cephalosporins
Risk for bleeding (monitor platelet count)
Vag and oral candidiasis
GI distress
Rash
Anaphylaxis (YUHH)

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22
Q

Interactions of penicillins

A

NSAID: Increase levels of penicilliins and increase bleeding
Warfarin: Increase bleeding

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23
Q

True or false: Cephalosporins are broad spectrum and semisynthetic antibiotics?

24
Q

Cephalosporins have what kind of action?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bactericidal action

25
First Generation Cephalosporin facts
Good gram positive coverage Poor gram negative coverage Parenteral and Oral Forms
26
Examples of 1st gen cephalosporins
Cefadroxil (Duricef, Ultracef) Cephradine (Velosef) Cefazolin (Ancef) Cephalexin (Keflex)
27
2nd generation cephalosporin facts
Good gram positive coverage Better gram negative coverage than 1st
28
Examples of 2nd gen cephalosporins
Cefaclor Cefprozil Cefoxitin Cefurozime Cefotetan
29
3rd generation cephalosporin facts
Most potent group against gram negative bacteria Less active against gram positive bacteria
30
Examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins
Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Cefdinir Ceftriaxone Cefpodoxime Ceftibuten
31
Ceftriaxone specifics
3rd gen cephalosporin IV, IM, long half life Once a day dosing Hepatic elimination Easily passes meninges and diffused into cerebrospinal fluid to treat CNS infection Can treat meningitis
32
Ceftazidime specifics
3rd gen cephalosporin IV and IM Eccelent gram negative coverage Used for difficult to treat organisms like Pseudomonas spp Excellent specturm of covereage
33
4th generation cephalosporins
Broader Spectrum of antibacterial activity than 3rd generation, especially against gram positive bacteria
34
Example of 4th gen cephalosporin
Cefepime
35
5th generation cephalosporins
Ceftolozane/ tazobactam (Zerbaxa) * Contains beta lactamase inhibitor * Enhances gram negative activity * Indicated for intrabdominal infections and complicated UTI's Ceftaroline (Teflaro) * Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity * Effective against a wide variety of organisms * Is the only cephalosporin that treats MRSA * Indicated for skin and skin structure infections, community aquired pneumonia
36
Carbapenem facts
Broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date Must be infused over 60 minutes because it can cause seizures Adverse effect: May cause drug induced seizures
37
Types of carbapenems
Imipenem/ cilastatin (primaxin * Used for treatment of bone, joint, skin, and soft tissue infections * Cilastatin inhibits dehydropeptidase, an enzyme that breaks down imipenem Meopenem (merrem) * Can be used to treat bacterial meningitis Etrapenem Doripenem: Lower seizure risk
38
Macrolides examples
Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin Fidaxomicin : For C Diff These end in -thromycin
39
What are macrolides used for?
Strep pyogenes stuff Mild to moderate upper and lower resp infections Spirochetal infections: Syphilis and Lyme disease Gonorrhea Chlamydia Mycoplasma
40
Fidaxomicin
Macrolide NVD Only for the treatment of C Diff Preg Categor B
41
Adverse effects of Macrolides
GI ; primarily w erythromycin Hepatotoxicity
42
Tetracylcines
Bind chelate to Ca+ amd Mg and Al ions to form insoluble complexes When taken with dairy products, antacids, iron salts, there is reduced absorption of tetracyclines Should not be used in children or preg or lactating girls due to tooth discoloration
43
Naturally occuring tetracyclines
Demeclocycline Oxytetracycline Tetracycline
44
Semi synthetic tetracyclines
Doxycycline Minocycline
45
3rd generation tetracycline
Tigecycline
46
Adverse affects of tetracyclines
Strong affinity for calcium * Discoloration of teeth * May retard fetal skeletal structures during development Alteration in intestional flora * Superinfection * Diarrhea * Pseudomembranous colitis Photosensitivity Enterocolitis Maculopapular rash
47
Tetracycline interactios
Oral anticoagulants: Potentiate effects Oral contraceptives: Antagonize effects
48
Aminoglycosides
Poor oral absorption; no oral forms EXCEPT neomycin Very potent with serious toxicities Bacericidal Kill mostly gram neg ## Footnote Serious toxicity
49
Examples of aminoglycosides
Gentamicin Neomycin Tobramycin Amikacin Oto and nephrotoxic
50
Aminoglycosides drug monitoring
Postantibiotic effects: Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after even a limited exposure to drug Drug interactions * Increased risk of ototoxicity with loop diuretics * Can potentiate warfarin toxicity
51
Quinolones
Excellent oral absorption Absorption reduced by antacids Effective against gram negatives and some positives
52
Quinolone examples
Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Levofloxacin Moxifloxacin Gemifloxacin Deflaxocacin
53
Big adverse effect of Quinolones
Ruptured tendons Tinnitus
54
Cephalosporin adverse effects
Anaphlexis Steven Johnson Syndrome C. Diff associated diarrhea Nephrotoxicity NVD Abdominal Pain
55
Quinalone examples
Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Levofloxacin - floxacin drugs (dih)
56
When should you measure peak levels for aminoglycosides?
An hour and a half after giving

Pharmacology shi (25 decks)

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