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Anatomy And Physiology > Test 3 Info > Flashcards

Test 3 Info Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is under ______ control of the nervous system

A

involuntary

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2
Q

Single unit muscle cells contract _____.

A

together

in unison

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3
Q

Thin filaments in smooth muscle cells contain the proteins ______ (2)

A

Actin

Tropomyosin

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4
Q

Caveolae

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane

Increase the surface area of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle

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5
Q

Dense plaque

A

Points where intermediate filaments are anchored to the inner surface of the sarcolemma of smooth muscle

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6
Q

Varicosity

A

A vesicle (bead) that stores norepinepherine at the terminal branches of ganglionic sympathetic neurons

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7
Q

The z discs that anchor the sarcomere on either end in skeletal muscle are ____ from smooth muscle cells

A

absent

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8
Q

Do smooth muscle cells have transverse tubules?

A

No

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9
Q

Smooth muscle cells have a single, centrally located

A

nuleus

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10
Q

Examples of locations for smooth muscle:

A

1) In the wall of the small intestine
2) Around blood vessels
3) In the wall of the uterus

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11
Q

In smooth muscle, thin filaments are attached to ____ by elements of the cytoskeleton

A

dense bodies

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12
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is ___, resistant to ___ and usually sustained for ______ periods of time.

A

slow
fatigue
extended

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13
Q

Locations for multiunit smooth muscle:

A

1) Arrector pili muscles

2) Iris of the eye

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14
Q

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has small invaginations called ____

A

caveolae

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15
Q

During contration of smooth muscle, ____ binds to calcium and activates myosin light chain kinase

A

calmodulin

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16
Q

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle involves a calcium-binding protein called _____

A

calmodulin

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17
Q

Autonomic motor neurons that control smooth muscle contraction have bulbous swellings called ____ that contain synaptic vesicles.

A

varicosities

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18
Q

Ohm’s Law

A 
Voltage = Current * Resistance
Current = Voltage/Resistance
Resistance = Current/Voltage
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19
Q

_____ occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more positive than the resting membrane potential

A

Depolarization

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20
Q

What 2 things must happen in order for a chemical signal to change the membrane potential of a neuron?

A

1) Change in # of open ion channels

2) Change in ion flow across the membrane

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21
Q

Compare properties of neuron to electrical currents:

1) Charged particles
2) Voltage
3) Resistance
4) Current

A

1) Ions
2) Membrane potential
3) Plasma membrane
4) Flow of ions through ion channels

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22
Q

The opposition to the movement of electrical charge is known as ____

A

resistance

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23
Q

Voltage is a measure of relative _____ _____.

A

Potential energy

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24
Q

2 basic causes of the development of the resting membrane potential

A

1) Na+ leak channels

2) K+ leak channels

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25
The resting membrane potential is measured in _____
millivolts (mV)
26
In the initial segment, an action potential is generated if the membrane potential reaches the ___ ___
threshold value
27
Current
Movement of charged particles
28
What channels open and in what order do they open to develop an action potential?
1) Voltage gated Na+ | 2) Voltage gated K+
29
What type of channels are essential for the generation of an action potential?
Voltage gated channels
30
Graded potential
Temporary change in membrane potential which lasts only as long as the stimulus that causes it and can vary in size
31
Opening of what 2 types of channels would likely lead to hyperpolarization of a neuron?
1) voltage gated potassium channel | 2) chemically gated chloride channel
32
What 2 things would follow after threshold voltage is reached due to sodium ions entering through a voltage gated Na+ channel?
1) Membrane potential would reverse (become positive) | 2) More voltage gated sodium channels would open
33
What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?
-70 mV
34
What is a central function of neuron physiology?
Creating electrical current | Transmitting electrical current
35
3 Cranial meninges (from deepest to superficial)
1) Pia mater 2) Arachnoid mater 3) Dura mater
36
Cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles through the midbrain
37
Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
1) Environmental stability 2) Buoyancy 3) Protection
38
Arachnoid villi
.
39
Cavities within the brain are called
ventricles
40
Which of the meninges is the strongest?
Dura mater
41
The fourth ventricle merges with the ___ ___ in the spinal cord
central canal
42
There are ____ ventricles in the brain
4
43
There are ___ lateral ventricles
2 | First and second ventricles are lateral
44
Meninges
Protective membranes that SURROUND, STABILIZE and PARTITION parts of the brain
45
The lateral ventricles communicate with the ____ ventricle through an opening called the ____ foramen
third | interventricular
46
What 3 substances can pass through the blood brain barrier (BBB)
1) some anesthetics 2) nicotine 3) alcohol
47
____ bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS
Ceribrospinal fluid (CSF)
48
Blood-brain barrier
Keeps the neurons in the brain from being exposed to 1) variations in levels of ions and hormones 2) drugs 3) waste products in the bloos
49
CSF circulates in
1) the ventricles | 2) subarachnoid space
50
CSF is produced by secretion of a fluid from
Ependymal cells
51
Gray matter is
Nonmyelinated | Cell bodies
52
White matter is
Myelinated | Axons
53
How many cranial nerves?
12 PAIRS
54
The 4 Major Regions of the Brain
1) Cerebrum 2) Diencephon 3) Brainstem 4) Cerebellum
55
Cerebrum
Divided into LEFT and RIGHT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
56
5 Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
1) Frontal lobe 2) Temporal lobe 3) Occipital lobe 4) Parietal lobe 5) Insula lobe
57
Gyrus
Hump of a brain fold | On either side of suci
58
Sulcus
SHALLOW depressions of brain folds | Between gyri
59
Fissure
DEEP groove in brain
60
3 Important Sulci
1) Lateral sulcus 2) Central sulcus 3) Parieto-occipital sulcus
61
Example of a fissure and where it is located
Longitudinal fissure | Between R/L hemispheres
62
Location of Lateral Sulcus
Between TEMPORAL lobe (below) and FRONTAL/PARIETAL lobes (above) Relatively horizontal
63
Location of Central Sulcus
Between FRONTAL lobe and PARIETAL lobe | Relatively verticle
64
Location of Perieto-occipital Sulcus
Between PARIETAL and OCCIPITAL lobes
65
Insula lobe
INSIDE brain
66
Ganglion
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
67
Center
Group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function
68
Nerve
Bundle of AXONS extending through the PNS
69
Nerve Plexus
Network of nerves
70
Tract
CNS AXON bundle in which the axons have similar function and share a common origin and destination
71
Funiculus
Group of TRACTS in a specific area of the spinal cord
72
Pathway
Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and sytems
73
Functions of the cerebrum
Seat of intelligence 1) Information processing 2) Language 3) Personality 4) Conscience
74
Function of Cerebellum
1) Coordinate motor activities
75
Parts of the diencephalon
1) Thalamus 2) Hypothalamus 3) Epithalamus
76
Function of Thalamus
Processing and relay center
77
Functions of the Hypotalamus
Homeostasis 1) Body temperature 2) Food and water intake 3) Sleep and circadian rhythms 4) Emotional responses 5) Memory
78
Parts of Epithalamus
1) Pineal gland | 2) Habenula
79
Function of Pineal gland
Endocrine organ (hormones)
80
Function of Habanula
Relay center
81
3 Parts of the Brainstem
1) Midbrain 2) Pons 3) Medulla Oblongata
82
Function of the Midbrain
(part of brainstem) 1) Visual reflexes 2) Auditory reflexes
83
Function of the Pons
(part of brainstem) 1) Contains ascending and descending fiber tracts 2) Where cerebellar hemispheres are attached
84
Function of the Medulla Oblongata
(part of brainstem) 1) ALL nerve fibers going between brain and spinal cord pass through 2) Nuclei for Respiration 3) Nuclei for Blood pressure 4) Nuclei for Heartbeat
85
3 Sensory Cranial Nerves
1) Olfactory (I) 2) Optic (II) 3) Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
86
5 Motor Cranial Nerves
1) Oculomotor (III) 2) Trochlear (IV) 3) Abducens (VI) 4) Accessory (XI) 5) Hypoglossal (XII)
87
4 Mixed Cranial Nerves
1) Trigeminal (V) 2) Facial (VII) 3) Glossopharyngeal (IX) 4) Vagus (X)
88
12 Cranial Nerves in order
1) Olfactory (on) 2) Optic (our) 3) Oculomotor (oak) 4) Trochlear (tree) 5) Trigeminal (Thomas) 6) Abducens (accidentally) 7) Facial (forgot) 8) Vestibulocochlear (valuable) 9) Glossopharyngeal (gold) 10) Vagus (very) 11) Aaccessory (absentminded of) 12) Hypoglossal (him)
89
12 Cranial Nerve mnemonic
``` On Our Oak Tree Thomas Accidentally Forgot Valuable Gold Very Absentminded of Him ```
90
Olfactory Nerve
I - On Type SENSORY Function SMELL
91
Optic Nerve
II - Our Type SENSORY Function VISION
92
Oculomotor Nerve
``` # III - Oak Type MOTOR Functions 1) Eyeball movement 2) Raise upper eyelid 3) Pupil constriction 4) Visual focusing ```
93
Trochlear Nerve
IV - Tree Type MOTOR Function EYEBALL MOVEMENT (lateral and inferior)
94
Trigeminal Nerve
``` # V - Thomas Type MIXED Functions 1) Sensory nerve for face 2) CHEWING ```
95
Abducens Nerve
VI - Accidentally Type MOTOR Function EYEBALL MOVEMENT (lateral)
96
Facial Nerve
``` #VII - Forgot Type MIXED Functions 1) Taste 2) Facial expression 3) Control lacrimal (tears) glands 4) Control salivary (saliva) glands ```
97
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
``` # VIII - Valuable Type SENSORY Functions 1) Hearing 2) Equilibrium ```
98
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
``` # IX - Gold Type MIXED Functions 1) Taste 2) Swallowing 3) Control salivary glands 4) Regulate respiration/blood pressure due to sensory association w/ receptor in neck ```
99
Vagus Nerve
#X - Very Type MIXED Functions 1) Sensory signals from motor signals to pharynx, diaphragm, cardiac & smooth muscles
100
Accessory Nerve
``` #XI - Absentminded of Type MOTOR Functions 1) Swallowing 2) Sternocleidomastoid & Trapezius muscles ```
101
Hypoglossal Nerve
#XII - Him Type MOTOR Function TOUNGE MOVEMENTS

Anatomy And Physiology (9 decks)

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