Chapter 7: Bones

Question 1

Epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk:

Answer 1

Proximal epiphysis

Question 2

Vertebral bones are ____ bones

Answer 2

Irregular

Question 3

Statements that characterize central canals of osteons

Answer 3

1) Contain blood vessels
2) Contain nerves
3) Cylindrical channel

Question 4

Trabeculae

Answer 4

Structure inside spongy bone

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

Outside double layer of connective tissue on outside of bone
Where ligaments and tendons attach to bone
Where bone grows in diameter

Question 6

Perforating Canal

Answer 6

Goes through compact bone horizontally
How blood and nerve supplies get to central canal and medullary cavity
AKA Volkman’s

Question 7

Central Canal

Answer 7

Goes through bone vertically
AKA Haversian canal
Blood vessels and nerve fibers travel through

Question 8

Concentric lamellae

Answer 8

Rings of bone matrix (collagen fibers run in different directions
Around central canal
Form osteons
Prevents too much STRECH and TWIST of bone

Question 9

Circumferential lamellae

Answer 9

Rings of matrix

Around WHOLE bone or around medullary cavity

Question 10

_____ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

Answer 10

Osteoclasts

Question 11

Long bones include:

Answer 11

1) Palm
2) Fingers
3) Toes
4) Thigh

Question 12

Flat bones have surfaces composed of ___ bone with internally placed ____ bone.

Answer 12

compact

spongy

Question 13

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone:

Answer 13

Diaphysis

Question 14

Examples of short bones

Answer 14

1) some foot bones

2) wrist bones

Question 15

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called

Answer 15

Articular cartlage

Question 16

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of ____ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

Answer 16

levers

Question 17

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of of a long bone is called the _____.

Answer 17

Medullary cavity

Question 18

Statements that characterize osteocytes:

Answer 18

1) Reside in lacunae
2) Detect mechanical stress in bone
3) Maintain bone matrix

Question 19

Bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a ____ for the entire body.

Answer 19

framework

Question 20

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ____.

Answer 20

epiphyseal line

Question 21

Functions of bone include:

Answer 21

1) Hemopoiesis
2) Protection of internal organs
3) Mineral storage (Calcium & Phosphate)
4) Support
5) Movement (levers for muscles)
6) Storage of energy (in the form of lipids-yellow bone marrow)

Question 22

4 types of bone cells

Answer 22

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 23

Bone composition

Answer 23

Connective tissue made of

1) cells
2) fibers (collagen)
3) ground substance (Ca salts)

Question 24

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 24

Layers of bone matrix

Between osteons

Question 25

Endosteum

Answer 25

Thin INNER connective tissue | Lines inner cavities

Question 26

Articular cartilage

Answer 26

Thin layer of HYALINE cartilage where there is a joint

Question 27

Red marrow

Answer 27

Connective tissue in medullary cavity or spongy bone | Site of hemopoiesis

Question 28

Extracellular matrix of bone is made of.....

Answer 28

Organic material | Inorganic material

Question 29

6 Functions of Bones

Answer 29

1) support 2) protection 3) movement 4) hemopoiesis 5) storage of minerals 6) storage of energy

Question 30

Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 30

Stem cells of bone | Give rise to osteoblasts

Question 31

Osteoblasts

Answer 31

From osteoprogenitor cells Part of ossification and osteogenesis Secrete extracellular matrix

Question 32

Osteocytes

Answer 32

Mature bone cells In matrix In lacuna Maintain

Question 33

Osteoclasts

Answer 33

Bone resorption via lysosomal enzymes and Hplus | In inner periosteum and endostium (think on spongy bone)

Question 34

Lysosomes

Answer 34

Release enzymes and acids that break down bone | In osteoclasts within resorption lacuna

Question 35

Organic components of bone matrix and benefit it gives bone

Answer 35

``` Called osteoid Give STRENGTH and FLEXIBILITY 1) collagen 2) protoglycans 3) glycoproteins ```

Question 36

Inorganic components of bone matrix and benefits of them to bone

Answer 36

``` Called mineral salts Give HARDNESS and RESIST COMPRESSION 1) calcium phosphate 2) calcium hydroxide 3) 1+2= hydroxyapatite 4) calcium carbonate ```

Question 37

Spongy bone is always....

Answer 37

Protected/surrounded by compact bone

Question 38

On a slide, red bone marrow will have a lot of ....

Answer 38

Nuclei | You will see trabeculae

Question 39

Bone is very ...... | Constantly ....... ...... And .......

Answer 39

Dynamic | Broken down and rebuilt

Question 40

Osteogenesis

Answer 40

Bone formation

Question 41

3 "types" of osteogenesis

Answer 41

1) formation of the bony skeleton in embryos 2) bone growth up to early adulthood 3) bone thickness, remodeling and repair

Question 42

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 42

Directly from mesenchyme to bone

Question 43

Examples of bones that develop via intramembranous ossification

Answer 43

``` Skull Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic Clavicle ```