Test 3 (modules 8-10) Flashcards by Jackie O'Donnell

defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to athersclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect

aneurysm

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loss of appetite

anorexia

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abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity, associated with heart failure, cirrhosis cancer, or portal hypertension

ascites

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loud, gurgling bowls sounds signaling increased motility or hyper peristalsis, occurs with early bowl obstruction, gastroenteritis, diarrhea

borborygmi

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blowing, swooshing, sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded

bruit

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first or proximal part of large intestine

cecum

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inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

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lower border of rib margin formed by the medial edges of the 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs

costal margin

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angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney

costovertebral angle CVA

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midline longitudinal ridge in the abdomen, a separation of abdominal rectus muscles

diastasis recti

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difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

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name of abdominal region between the costal margin

epigastrium

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abnormal enlargement of liver

hepatomegaly

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abnormal protrusion pf bowel through weakening in abdominal musculature

hernia

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ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, forming lower border of abdomen

inguinal ligament

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midline tendinous seam joining the abdomen muscles

linea alba

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complete absence of peristaltic movement that may follow abdominal surgery or complete bowel obstruction

paralytic ileus

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rough grating sound heard through the stethoscope over the site of peritoneal inflammation

peritoneal friction rub

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inflammation of the peritoneum

peritonitis

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congenital narrowing of pyloric sphincter, forming outflow obstruction of stomach

pyloric stenosis

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heartburn, burning sensation in upper abdomen due to reflux of gastric acid

pyrosis

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midline abdomen muscle extending from rib cage to pubic bone

rectus abdominis muscle

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abnormally sunken abdominal wall. as with malnutrition or underweight

scaphoid

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abnormal enlargement of spleen

splenomegaly

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lineae albicantes | silvery white or pink scar tissue formed by stretching of abdominal skin as with pregnancy or obesity

striae

name od abdominal region just superior to pubic bone

suprapubic

high pitched, musical, drum like percussion note heard when percussing over the stomach and intestine

tympany

depression on the abdomen marking site of entry of umbilical cord

umbilicus

internal organs

viscera

loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions

agnosia

loss of ability to express thoughts in writing

agraphia

loss of memory

amnesia

loss of pain sensation

analgesia

loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or loss of comprehension of spoken or written language

aphasia

loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor damage EX. inability to use objects correctly

apraxia

inability to perform coordinated movements

ataxia

bizarre, slow, twisting, writhe ring movement, resembling a snake or worm

athetosis

sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk or face

chorea

rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch

clonus

state of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused

coma

arms stiffly extended, adducted, internally rotated, legs stiffly extended, plantar flexed

decerebrate rigidity

arms adducted and flexed, wrists and finger flexed, legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed

decorticate rigidity

imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular control resulting form central or peripheral nervous system damage

dysarthria

impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order

dysphasia

disappearance of conditioned response

extinction

rapid continuous twitching of resting muscles without movement of limb

fasciculation

ability to READ a number by having it traced on the skin

graphesthesia

loss of muscle tone, limp

flaccidity

loss of motor power (paralysis) on one side of the body, usually caused by a stroke, paralysis occurs on side opposite the lesion

hemiplegia

motor neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only in its cell body in the central nervous system

lower motor neuron

rapid sudden jerk of a muscle

myoclonus

stiffness in cervical neck area

nuchal rigidity

back and forth oscillation of the eyes

nystagmus

prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeal irritation

opisthotonos

decreased or loss of motor function die to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers

paralysis

impairment or loss of motor and or sensory function in the lower half of the body

paraplegia

abnormal sensation | EX. burning, numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensation

paresthesia

ability of the person to discriminate exactly where in the body the skin has been touched

point localization

sensory information concerning body movement and position of the body in space

proprioception

continuous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension, with increased deep tendon reflexes

spasticity

ability to recognize objects by feeling their form, size, and weight while eyes are closed

stereognosis

repetitive twitching of a muscle group at inappropriate times

tic

involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints

tremor

ability to distinguish the separation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin

two point discrimination

nerve located entirely within the central nervous system

upper motor neuron

moving the body part away from an axis or the median line

abduction

moving a body part toward the center or toward the median line

adduction

immobility, consolidation, and fixation of a joint because of disease, injury, or surgery, most often due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis

ankylosis

enclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in joint areas of potential friction

bursa

moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder

circumduction

dry cracking sound or sensation due to grating of the ends of damaged bone

crepitation

directed toward or located on the surface

dorsal

flexion contracture of the fingers due to chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia

dupuytren contracture

moving the sole of the foot outward at he ankle

eversion

straighten a limb or joint

extension

bending a limb at a joint

flexion

round, cystic, nontender, nodule overlaying a tendon sheath or joint capsule, usually on dorsum of wrist

ganglion

lateral or outward deviation of the great toe

hallux valgus

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

inversion

outward or convex curvature of the thoracic spine, hunchback

kyphosis

fibrous band running directly from one bone to another bone that strengthens the joint

ligament

inward or concave curvature of the lumbar spine

lordosis

center of the intervertebral disc

nucleus process

bony projection of the ulna at the elbow

olecranon process

kneecap

patella

refers to the surface of the sole of the foot

plantar

turning the forearm so that the palm is down

pronation

moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground

protraction

extent of movement of a joint

range of motion ROM

moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground

retraction

chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue

rheumatoid arthritis

nerve pain along the course of the sciatic nerve that travels down from the back or thigh throughout the leg and into the foot

sciatica

S shaped curvature of the thoracic spine

scoliosis

turning the forearm so that the pal is up

supination

clubfoot | congenital deformity of the foot in which it is plantar flexed and inverted

talipes equinovarus

strong fibrous cord that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone

tendon

wryneck | contraction of the cervical neck muscles, producing torsion of the neck

torticollis

two types of viscera

solid and hollow

structure and organs in the midline

the aorta uterus if enlarged bladder if distended

common abdomen complaint of oleo people

constipation

types of abdominal pain

Visceral Parietal Referred

pain of the solid or hollow organs or structures Midline-porrley localized Range from steady ache to vague to colicky Epigastric Periumbilical suprapubic

Visceral pain

Stomach, duodenum, biliary tract, pancreas

epigastric

small bowel, appendix, cecum

periumbilical

colon, sigmoid, Gu tract

suprapubic

Involves parietal peritoneum Sharp localized Causes tenderness and guarding which progresses to rigidity

parietal pain

Produced symptoms not signs based on development embryology Localized in same cutaneous derma tone sharing same spinal cord levels as visceral inputs

referred pain

black tarry stools secondary to upper GI bleed

melena

red blood or coffee ground emesis secondary to GI bleed

hematemesis

yellow, pale stool with high fat content secondary to malabsorption

steatorrhea

burning, mid-epigastric pain usually 30-60 min after eating | Sore throat, brashy taste in mouth

Gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD

2-4 hours after eating fatty food, alcohol, caffeine May radiate to R or L scapula Nausea and Diarrhea

Cholecystitis

acute boring mid epigastric pain may radiate to L or R or into back nauseas and vomiting

pancreatitis

dysuria, frequency, hematuria, incontinence

Genitourinary

vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding

Gyn

flu like syndrome, jaundice, dark urine, clay closed stools

hepatits

many associated systemic SandS | encephalopathy and asterixis (liver flap)

cirrhosis

order of exam for abdomen

inspect auscultate palpate percuss

drum like sound, denotes air, normal over abdomen and intestines

typmpanic

gaseous distention

hyperresonance

solid organs, adipose tissue, fluid or mass | sound

dullness

absent bowel sounds | Ileus

silent

Sharp pain with percussion at 12th rib and CVA often associated with what

pyelonephritis | renal stone

organs that maintain a characteristic shape | EX. liver pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys,ovaries, and uterus

solid viscera

organs that shape depends on its content | Ex. stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon and bladder

hollow viscera

area between the costal margins

epigastric

the area around the umbilicus

umbilical

the area above the pubic bone

hypogastric or suprapubic

organs in the right upper quadrant

``` Liver Gallbladder Duodenum Head of pancreas right kidney and adrenal hepatic flexure of colon part of the ascending and transverse colon ```

organs in the left upper quadrant

``` stomach spleen left lobe of liver body of pancreas left kidney and adrenal splenic flexure of colon part of transverse and descending colon ```

right lower quadrant

``` cecum appendix right ovary and tube right ureter right spermatic cord ```

left lower quadrant

``` part of the seconding colon sigmoid colon left ovary and tube left ureter left spermatic cord ```

shifting level of dullness indicates

the presence of fluid

occurs when the person is cold tense or ticklish

voluntary guarding

What makes up the Diencephalon

Thalamus | Hypothalamus

What makes brain stem

midbrain pons medulla

four lobes of the brain

temporal occipital parietal frontal

conduction pathway for sensory is

ascending

conduction pathway for motor is

descending

reflex center

reflex arc

pinal cord goes form

c1 to l1-l2

area of skin suppled by nerves originating from a single spinal nerve root

dermatones

convey sensory impulses to the brain Integrates information to be sent to the brain Located in all areas of the body Areas of sensation overlap

dermatones

What are the three purely sensory cranial nerves

Olfactory CNI optic CNII vistibulocochler CNVIII

cranial nerves with parasympathetic innervation

Oculomotor CN III facial CN VII glossopharyngeal CN IX vagis CN X

Cranial nerves

``` Olfactory Oculomotor Optic Trigeminal Trochlear Abducens Facial VAgus Glossopharyngeal Vestuibulococular spinal accessory hypoglossal ```

CN I

olfactory nerve | sense of smell

CN II

optic

CN III

oculomotor | Elevates eyelids

CN IV

trochlear | Controls the superior oblique

CN VI

abducens | controls lateral rectus

CN V

trigeminal | clench teeth and feel sensations on face

CN VII

facial facial movements saliva and tear secreation

CN VIII

vestibulocochlear hearing equilibrium

CN IX

glossopharyngeal | swallowing and taste

CN X

vagus | swallowing and taste

CN XI

spinal accessory rotate head shrug shoulders

CN XII

hypoglossal protrude tongue light tight dynamite

weakness of the extensor muscle in the upper extremity | Indicates upper motor neuron weakness

pronator drift

sensory fibers from periphery to thalamus in posterior columns of the spinal cord and brainstem

large sensory fibers

sensory fibers that ascend to the thalamus in the spinothalamic tract

smal sensory fibers

light touch has what type of sensory fibers

both small and large

vibration sense has what type of sensory fibers

large fiber pathway

position sense has what type of sensory fibers

large fiber pathways

pain has what type of sensory fibers

small fiber pathway

temperature has what type of sensory fibers

small fiber pathway

is the exaggerated reflex seen when the monosynaptic reflex arc is releases from the usually inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels

hyperreflexia

inability to identify objects correctly

astereognosis

it occurs when muscles are quite and supported against gravity

rest tremor

worse with voluntary movement as in reaching toward a visually guided target occurs with cerebellar disease and multiple sclerosis

intention tremor

is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain

ischemic stroke

results from acute rupture and bleeding from weakened artery in the brain

hemorrhagic stroke

union of 2 or more bones permit mobility

joints

inflammation of the ribs junction to the sternum

costrochondritis

pain into the face and clicking noise with jaw movement

temporalmandibular joint

physical exam of muscles

inspection palpation range of motion muscle testing

voluntary patent motion

active ROM

you move the body part

passive ROM

two bones in a joint stay in contact but their alignment is off

subluxation

swelling from excess fluid in the joint capsules

joint effusion

fibrous tissues form in the joint capsule, causing stiffness progressive limitation of motion and pain

frozen shoulder | Adhesive capsulitis

inflammation and swell in of subcromial bursa over the shoulder cause limited ROM and pain with motion

Subacromial Bursitis

raided firm nontender nodule that occur with rheumatoid arthritis

subcutaneous nodules

Chroinc disabling pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus , radiated down extensor surface of forearm

epiccondylitis | Tennis elbow

large soft know or goose egg and redness from inflammation of olecranon bursa

olecranon bursitis

joint effusion or synovial thickening seen first as bulge or fullness in groves on wither side

gouty arthritis

nonarticular fracture of distal radius with or without feature of ulna at styled process

colles fracture

atrophy occurs from interference with motor function from compression of the median nerve in side the carol tunnel

carpal tunnel syndrom

characterized by hard contender noninflammatory nodules

osteoarthritis

flexion contracture resembles curve of a swan neck as in metacarpophalangeal joint

swan neck or Boutonniere deformity

webbed fingers are a congenital deformity and usually require surgery to separate

syndactyly

painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee, probably from repeated stress on the patellar tendon

osgod schlatter disease

loss of normal hollows on either side of the patella which are replaced by mild distention

mild synovitis

localized swelling on anterior knee between patella and skin

prepatella bursitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath near the ankle produces a superficial linear swelling and a localized tenderness along the route of the sheath

tenosynovitis

head of femur is displaced out of the cup shaped acetabulum

congenital dislocated hip

incomplete closure of posterior part of the vertebrae results in a neural tube defect

spina bifida

Test 3 (modules 8-10) Flashcards

(197 cards)