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PHI 112: Ethics Test 3 > Test 3: Natural Law, Virtue Ethics, Religion > Flashcards

Test 3: Natural Law, Virtue Ethics, Religion Flashcards

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1
Q

One philosopher who does not agree that there is such a thing as human nature is

a. St. Augustine.
b. Locke.
c. Sartre.
d. Aristotle.

A

c. Sartre.

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2
Q

The Declaration of Independence draws on the theory of

a. Plato.
b. Locke.
c. Aristotle.
d. Hobbes.

A

b. Locke.

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3
Q 
Which American philosopher and president admired and used John Locke's work in justifying and planning the American 
            Revolution?
A. Thomas Jefferson 
B. John Quincy Adams
C. George Washington
D. John Adams
A

A. Thomas Jefferson

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4
Q

One problem for natural rights theory is that not everyone agrees on what human nature requires.

A

True

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5
Q

Moral laws are descriptive generalizations of fact.

A

False

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6
Q

The natural state of human liberty is a state of license according to Locke.

A

False

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7
Q

The idea that the basic moral law can be known by human reason and that we know what it requires by
looking to human nature are two of the tenets of natural law theory.

A

True

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8
Q

Moral requirements cannot be grounded in human nature according to natural rights theory.

A

False

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9
Q

Evolutionary theory may present a challenge to natural law theory.

A

True

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10
Q

For Locke every person has a distinct right to punish those who transgress the natural law.

A

True

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11
Q

Aristotle was the first philosopher to develop a complex ethical philosophy related to the ideas of

A

True

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12
Q

Civil law is prescriptive and as such tells us how we ought to behave.

A

True

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13
Q

According to Thomas Aquinas, humans are naturally inclined to be good based on reason.

A

True

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14
Q

“Laws of nature” is another way of referring to natural law theory.

A

False

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15
Q

Existentialists like Sartre believe that essence precedes existence.

A

False

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16
Q

For Thomas Aquinas all laws created by humans are derived from natural law.

A

False

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17
Q

According to Rorty, there is no common human nature to use as a moral reference point.

A

True

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18
Q

Locke argued all humans should be treated equally because we all have the same basic nature.

A

True

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19
Q

Natural Law ethics is the view that universal moral values can be discovered in nature by using the
faculty of reason.

A

True

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20
Q

King, Jr. argued that civil disobedience is moral if it does not conflict with Human Law.

A

False

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21
Q 
. The ethical theory that focuses on the moral quality of individual character rather than individual 
            actions is:
		A	virtue ethics.
		B	deontology.
		C	consequentialism.
		D	all of the above
		E	none of the above
A

A virtue ethics.

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22
Q

Which of the following was not mentioned by MacKinnon as an example of the focus of virtue ethics?

a. How to treat ones co-workers.
b. How honest one should be.
c. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue.
d. What is fair in a particular situation.

A

c. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue.

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23
Q

Virtue Ethics helps us determine

a. Whether an action is moral.
b. Whether a form of ethical reasoning is virtuous.
c. How to calculate between consequential and nonconsequential reasoning.
d. How we ought to be.

A

d. How we ought to be.

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24
Q

Which virtue does Philippa Foot identify as benefiting community rather than self?

a. Temperance
b. Charity
c. Wisdom
d. Courage

A

b. Charity

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25
According MacKinnon and Fiala, in the USA to say we value courage, patriotism, and loyalty would suggest we are a. A society willing to stand for what we believe. b. A warlike society. c. A just society. d. A prosperous society.
b. A warlike society.
26
According to Aristotle the good is a. The end to which all things aim. b. The best option available. c. That which gives the best consequence. d. That which makes one happy.
a. The end to which all things aim.
27
``` According to Philippa Foot a virtue is a perfection of a. Mind. b Action. c. Reasoning. d. Will. ```
d. Will.
28
Honesty, benevolence, nonmalevolence, fairness, kindness, conscientiousness, and gratitude are considered which of the following? A. religious ethics B. nonmoral virtues C. moral ethics D. action virtues
C. moral ethics
29
The approach to moral theory that involves acting properly to follow moral rules and judging people based on how they act is know as: A. ethically-based B. virtue-based C. morally-based D. action-based
D. action-based
30
The Virtue of nonmaleficence is derived from the principle of: A. duty to be just B. duty to tell the truth C. duty not to harm D. duty to become sensitive to one’s duty
C. duty not to harm
31
Pluralistic ethicists, like virtue theorists, must reject the _____________. A. reductionist thesis, the action-nature of the rules thesis and the instrumental value thesis B. action-nature of the rules thesis C. reductionist thesis and the instrumental value thesis D. instrumental value thesis and the action-nature of the rules thesis
A. reductionist thesis, the action-nature of the rules thesis and the instrumental value thesis
32
Which of the following is not one of Plato’s four cardinal virtues? A. wisdom B. charity C. courage D. temperance
B. charity
33
``` Who argued that to be virtuous is to seek the “Golden Mean?” A Aristotle B Kant C Rand D Bentham E Sartre ```
A Aristotle
34
For Aristotle, everyone should pursue “happiness.”
True
35
Virtues are related to everyday life in that they are more personal, having to do with personal ideals and how one wants to live one's life
True
36
When Aristotle said that virtue was an excellence of some sort he meant that they are built on human nature and are perfected it in some way.?
True
37
In a society in which life was difficult and people faced threats all of the time, the virtue of courage might be especially helpful and important.
True
38
In a society in which skills needed to participate took many years to develop, the virtue of persistence might be especially important.
True
39
Virtues are positive traits of character.
True
40
The opposite of virtue is vice.
True
41
Virtue ethics emphasizes how we should determine what the right course of action is at any given time.
False
42
The virtue of courage should enable one to face danger.
True
43
Aristotle argued that the accumulation of moral actions builds a consistent moral character
True
44
The Theological Virtues include faith, hope, and courage
False, love, not courage
45
Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics states that only virtue ethics is helpful in successfully living the moral life
False, both action-based and virtue-based are needed Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 163.
46
Virtue theory says that morality involves producing excellent persons who act well out of spontaneous goodness and serve as examples to inspire others.
True, Pojman & Fieser, | 2012, p. 147.
47
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics point out to advocates of the standard action-based view that it is better to desire to do the right thing and carry it out, than to do the right thing, yet have mixed emotions. In other words, attitude and actions are important.
Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 164.
48
As part of the criticisms of Action-Based Ethics being minimalist, the virtue theorists says that one of the duties of all people is to become a moral person
True, Pojman & | Fieser, 2012, p. 156
49
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics claim that advocates of the standard action-based view ignore are obligation to do the right thing.
False, there emphasis stops here. | Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 163.
50
Proponents of Pluralistic (Complemtarity) Ethics point out that the Standard Action- based View leads to the idea that it does not matter what your motivations are, as long as you do the right thing.
True, Pojman & Fieser, 2012, p. 164.
51
In which society did tolerance and pluralism originate? a. Western Europe, during the enlightenment. b. Ancient Greece. c. Ancient Rome. d. Many societies across the world, throughout history.
d. Many societies across the world, throughout history.
52
``` Which approach is aimed at finding common ground between world religions and cultural traditions? a. Religious pluralism. b. The Golden Rule. c. The Golden Mean. d. Value Pluralism. ```
a. Religious pluralism.
53
Which thinker did not promote civil disobedience as a method for protesting and reforming law systems? a. Thoreau. b. Kant. c. Gandhi. d. King Jr.
b. Kant.
54
After which major international conflict was the United Nations formed? a. World War I. b. The Boer War. c. The Civil War. d. World War II.
d. World War II.
55
Which amendment of the US Constitution proclaims religious liberty? a. First. b. Second. c. Third. d. Fourth.
a. First.
56
A religion that is considered to have essentially a secular system of thought is: A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Confucianism D. Taoism
C. Confucianism
57
According to the Divine Command Theory, ethical principles are: A. revealed to selected individuals over the course of history. B. interpreted only by ecclesiastical hierarchy. C. intrinsic to worshipping a God. D. simply the commands of God
D. simply the commands of God
58
The opposing viewpoint that denies the theses of the Divine Command Theory is which of the following? A. the independence thesis B. the humanism thesis C. the rational thesis D. the radical thesis
A. the independence thesis
59
The command to love God is for one to love him with: A. discrimination B. with one's whole mind, heart and strength C. their moral life D. a distance, but with a rational mind
B. with one's whole mind, heart and strength
60
For a theist, one of the six ways morality may be enriched by religion is that cosmic justice reigns in the universe because: A. God exists B. God does not exist C. humans are able to communicate with God. D. God would never leave humans to make decisions on their own.
A. God exists
61
A theodicy is an argument that seeks to discredit belief in a deity.
False
62
John Locke believed in toleration of religious dissenters.
True
63
According to the “divine command” theory of ethics, certain actions are right because God wills them for us. We therefore have a duty to find out exactly what God wills and distinguish it from what is merely a fallible human wish or interpretation of what God’s will might be.
True
64
The paradox of toleration is no longer relevant to today's global culture.
False
65
Value pluralism argues that there are multiple and conflicting goods in the world, which cannot be reduced to some other good.
True
66
The concept of a single moral community that is not bound to cultural or religious traditions is known As cosmopolitanism.
True
67
The Divine Command Theory states that certain actions are sins, based on their moral and ethical value.
False
68
The Golden Rule is followed by most of the world's major religions.
True
69
According to Habermas, fundamentalism is incongruous with democratic society.
True
70
According to MacKinnon and Fiala, secular ethics are only for atheists.
False
71
The idea of ahisma was originally developed by Aristotle.
False
72
Moral wrongness means an act is wrong in virtue of being against the will of God according to the Divine Command Theory.
True
73
Kant argues that religion completes morality by directly linking morality with the immortality of the soul and God's existence.
True
74
According to the secularist's view, morality is in fact compatible with religion and can even enhance the moral life.
False
75
Theism claims that God values only those who value God.
False
76
Moral realism is the idea that moral principles are universally valid whether or not anyone recognizes them.
True
77
Bertrand Russell argued that morality did not need God.
True

PHI 112: Ethics Test 3 (1 decks)

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