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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > TEST 3 REPRO THEORY > Flashcards

TEST 3 REPRO THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

ovaries

A

oval-shaped organs, lies in ovarian fossa

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2
Q

ligamentous

A

supports ovarian and suspensory ligaments

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3
Q

ovarian ligaments

A

connects ovary to uterus

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4
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

connects ovary to pelvic wall - carries blood supply (ovarian artery and vein) to ovary

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5
Q

ovaries functions

A

produce gametes and secretes hormones - oestrogen (B.O) and progesterone (A.O)

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6
Q

fallopian tubes

A

infundibulum (funnel-shaped with fimbriae), ampulla (widest - fertilization), isthmus, intramural

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7
Q

fallopian tubes functions

A

pick up ovum (fimbria), fertilization, passage and nourishment (for ovum, sperm and embryo)

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8
Q

uterus

A

fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

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9
Q

layers of the uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

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10
Q

uterus functions

A

nutrition support, accommodation for fetus and contracts during labour

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11
Q

cervix functions

A

passage for sperm, menses, cervical plug, holds tight during pregnancy

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12
Q

vagina

A

elastic muscular tube; 9-10 cm in length; 45 degrees angle backwards

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13
Q

vagina lined by

A

stratified squamous epithelium; has acidity –> glycogen digested by the lactobacillus

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14
Q

breast

A

internal - glandular tissue (oxytocin - ejection of milk and prolactin - secretion of milk)

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15
Q

reproductive cycles

A

menarche, reproductive years, menopause
preovulation, ovulation, postovulation

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16
Q

menarche

A

onset of menstruation - only 400,000 follicles in ovary

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17
Q

reproductive years

A

from puberty till menopause where monthly one follicle matures to release ovum

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18
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstruation - all follicles used up

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19
Q

preovulation

A

menstrual phase (uterus): shedding of functional layer

follicular phase (ovary): GnRH –> FSH –> grow follicle (growing follicle –> oestrogen)

proliferative (uterus) - oestrogen –> proliferate the functional endometrium

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20
Q

ovulation

A

LH surge –> graafian follicle to release ovum; remnant of follicle –> corpus luteum

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21
Q

postovulation

A

Luteal phase (ovary) - LH maintains corpus luteum in ovary secretes progesterone.

Secretory phase (uterus) – progesterone maintains the lining for implantation.

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22
Q

hormones

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing horomones), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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23
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormones from hypothalamus- Stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH

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24
Q

FSH

A

FSH from pituitary (Follicle stimulating hormone) - Stimulates follicle in ovary –> growing follicle –> oestrogen

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25
LH
LH from pituitary (Luteinizing hormone) -Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary --> Corpus luteum --> Progesterone
26
HCG
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) - secreted by placenta; tested for pregnancy in urine
27
testes
divided into compartments with seminiferous tubules which has sustentacular, interstitial cells and spermatogonia
28
sustentacular
sertoli cells - nourish developing sperms
29
interstitial
leydig's cells - produce testosterone
30
spermatogonia
produce sperms/ spermatozoa, sperm- head, acrosomal cap, midpiece (mitochondria), tail
31
epididymis
7m, continues as vas deferens
32
epididymis functions
storage and maturation of sperms
33
vas deferens
40cm long, Starts from tail of epididymis --> ascends through inguinal canal --> curves behind bladder & arches over ureters --> joins with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct and ends in prostatic urethra.
34
vas deferens functions
stores sperms and propels sperms via peristalsis
35
spermatic cord
vas deferens, testicular artery, lymphatics / nerves and pampiniform plexus
36
prostrate
Sits on neck bladder encircles prostatic urethra which receives ejaculatory duct
37
prostatic fluid
- is alkaline and makes 30% of volume of semen - contains seminal plasmin (antibiotic), prostatic specific antigen (keeps semen in liquid form)
38
seminal vesicles
elongated tubular glands, located behind bladder
39
seminal vesicles function
produces seminal fluid
40
seminal fluid
60% of semen volume - mild alkaline Has fructose (nourishes sperm), prostaglandins and fibrinogen (clots the semen after ejaculation) Semen content: Sperm 2 – 5 %; seminal fluid 60%; Prostate 30%; Bulbourethral gland 1- 5%
41
penis
3 columns of erectile tissue: 1 corpus spongiosum has urethra and 2 corpora cavernosa (erection)
42
fertilisation
Process of union of haploid male & female gametes Fertilization occurs usually within 12 - 24 hours after ovulation Stages: zygote --> 2 cell stage --> 4 cell stage --> morula --> blastocyst
43
implantation
By day 6- 7 --> Blastocyst formed reaches and implants in endometrium (fundus) Blastocyst has an inner cell mass (embryoblast --> embryo) and an outer cell mass (trophoblast --> placenta)
44
placenta
temporary organ that develops in uterus during pregnancy
45
placenta surfaces
fetal and maternal
46
fetal surface
glistening appearance with umbilical cord attached in the centre
47
maternal surface
meaty appearance, has 20 lobes /cotyledons (contain chorionic villi)
48
umbilical cord
50cm; connects fetus to placenta
49
umbilical cord contains
2 umbilical arteries, 1 umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) and Wharton’s Jelly
50
ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of blastocyst occurs outside the uterus
51
possible implantation sites for ectopic pregnancy
Fallopian tubes, ovary, cervix and peritoneal cavity
52
maternal changes in uterus during pregnancy
Increase in size (pelvic organ to abdominal organ), weight (1000g) Displaces intestines, pushes up diaphragm, widens thorax and compresses ureters & bladder Cervix – softening and formation of cervical plug Vagina – hypertrophy and increased shedding-> vaginal discharge
53
maternal changes in haematological changes during pregnancy
RBC and WBC production increases and physiological anaemia Clotting factors increase --> increased risk of DVT
54
maternal changes in heart during pregnancy
Increase slightly in size; Increase in heart rate and cardiac output
55
maternal changes in respiratory aspect during pregnancy
increases thoracic circumference and increased respiratory rate
56
maternal changes in GI system during pregnancy
Progesterone causing smooth muscle relaxation --> causes decreased peristalsis, constipation, reduced tone of oesophageal sphincter- reflux, nausea vomiting.
57
maternal changes in renal system during pregnancy
increases in renal plasma flow (increases urine)and GFR
58
maternal changes in abdomen during pregnancy
Everted umbilicus, Linea nigra (hyperpigmentation), striae gravidarum (stretching of collagen)
59
maternal changes in breast during pregnancy
Enlarges (under influence of prolactin) - relaxation and increased mobility of joints, flushed skin, leg swelling and weight gain (< than12kg)
60
female pelvis
3 types: gynaecoid (most common), anthropoid, android, platypelloid
61
labor
Process of expulsion of products of conception from uterus to the exterior
62
false labor
Irregular, not persistent contractions (Braxton Hicks contractions); Occurs in third trimester Usually provoked by constipation or UTI; relieved after the provoking factor is removed/ resting
63
true labor
Regular, painful contractions (pain starts from the back) ; occurs at term Associated with cervical show and progressive dilation & effacement of cervix
64
stages of labor
1st stage - Stage of closed cervix to fully dilated cervix ; 12 hrs in primi, 6 hrs in multi - Cervix undergoes effacement and dilation; Amniotic bag ruptures 2nd stage - Stage of fully dilated cervix to expulsion of fetus; 2 hrs in primi, 1 hrs in multi - Contractions increase; 2 – 3 minute intervals, each contraction lasts 1 min, lasts less than 2 hours - Primary uterine force and secondary abdominal muscle force causes the expulsion. 3rd stage -Stage of expulsion of fetus to expulsion of placenta; 1 hrs in primi, 1/2 hr in multi - Normal - Loss of 500 blood. - More than 500ml within the first 24 hours following childbirth is called as post partum haemorrhage

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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