TEST 1 THEORY : Intro-Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy is the study of
A
the structure of the human body
2
Q
anatomy is divided into
A
gross and microscopic anatomy
3
Q
gross anatomy is divided into
A
surface, regional and systemic
4
Q
microscopic anatomy is divided into
A
cytology and histology
5
Q
cytology is the study of
A
cells
6
Q
histology is the study of
A
tissues
7
Q
physiology is the study of
A
the functions of the body
8
Q
cell physiology is the study of
A
the individual cell
9
Q
histophysiology is the study of
A
a group of cells functioning together
10
Q
system physiology is the study of
A
how the cell and tissues join together to form the organ
11
Q
pathophysiology is the study of
A
when an organ/system is not functioning well
12
Q
levels of organisation
A
chemical–cellular–tissue–organ–organ system–organism
13
Q
right hypochondrium
A
liver, gallbladder
14
Q
epigastrium
A
stomach, liver
15
Q
left hypochondrium
A
spleen, stomach
16
Q
right lumbar
A
right kidney, intestine
17
Q
umbilical
A
intestines
18
Q
left lumbar
A
left kidney, intestine
19
Q
right iliac
A
appendix, intestines, ovaries
20
Q
hypogastrium
A
urinary bladder, uterus
21
Q
left iliac
A
intestines, ovaries
22
Q
pain in hypogastric
A
bladder infection
23
Q
pain in lumbar
A
renal stones
24
Q
pain in epigastric
A
gastritis
25
anatomical position
face looking forwards, arms by sides with palms forward, feet together with toes forward
26
supine
face up
27
prone
face down
28
sagittal
dividing into right and left
29
frontal
dividing into anterior and posterior
30
transverse
dividing into superior and inferior
31
atomic number
number of protons
32
mass number
number of protons and neutrons
33
elements
substance that consists entirely of atoms with same atomic no.; cannot be broken down into simpler substances
34
molecules
chemical that contains more than 1 atom
35
compounds
contain atoms of more than 1 element; properties are diff. from original elements
36
isotopes
variant of chemical element with diff. no. of neutrons
37
radioisotopes
contain unstable nuclei that emit radiation; used for medical investigations and treatment
38
inert elements (helium, neon)
elements with completely filled outer shells
39
ions
element with incompletely filled outer shells
40
cation
positively charged ions
41
anion
negatively charged ions
42
bonds
forces of attraction that hold the atoms of a molecule together
43
ionic bonds
formed between anions and cation held together by their opposite charges (donation of electron)
44
covalent bonds
formed between atoms when they share electrons
45
covalent bond types
number of electrons shared (single, double, triple). strength of bond (polar and non-polar)
46
inorganic compound - water
excellent solvent, high heat capacity and essential reactant in chemical reactions of living things
47
organic compounds
contain C, H, O
48
4 main classes of large organic molecules
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids
49
carbohydrates
- C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1
- important energy source
- <3% of body weight
50
monosaccharides (single unit carbohydrate)
glucose, fructose and galactose
51
disaccharides (dual unit carbohydrate)
sucrose (fructose + glucose), maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose)
52
polysaccharides (multiple carbohydrate unit)
glycogen (animals), starch and cellulose (plants)
53
proteins
- C, H, O, N
- 20% of body weight
- amino acids: basic unit connected by peptide bonds
- denaturation: disruption of structure makes it non-functional
54
functions of proteins
support, transport, enzymes, defense
55
lipids
- C, H, O
- <12% of body weight
- fatty acids is the basic unit
56
type of fats
- saturated (solid at room temp.)
- unsaturated (liq. at room temp.)
- trans
57
functions of fats
- structure
- energy
- insulation, cushion
58
nucleic acids
- C, H, O, N, P
- nucleotide - basic unit- phosphate group + sugar + nitrogenous base
59
Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of sugar
DNA has deoxy ribose while RNA has ribose
60
Differences in DNA and RNA in terms of strands
DNA has two strands while RNA has one strand only.
61
Differences of DNA and RNA In terms of base difference
DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil.
62
Differences of DNA and RNA in terms of function
DNA is for inheritance while RNA is for protein synthesis
63
high-energy compound
contains 2 high energy bonds
adenosine triphosphate-->adenosine diophosphate
64
cell is made up of
cell membrane and organelles
65
cell membrane components
- phospholipids (bilayer)
- proteins: surface & transmembrane protein
- carbohydrates: glycolipid and glycoprotein
66
phospholipids have a --- tail and --- head
hydrophobic, hydrophilic
67
Passive transport
- Requires no energy
- Molecules flow across the membrane by diffusion
- No ATP required
- Eliminate local concentration gradients
68
Active transport
- Requires energy
- Molecules are pumped across the membrane
- ATP required
69
Examples of Passive transport
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
- Filtration
70
Diffusion
Movement of solute from higher to lower concentration
71
Simple diffusion
Direct through cell membrane
72
Facilitated diffusion
Through a channel
73
Osmosis
Movement of water from the higher to lower concentration through semi-permeable membrane
74
Example of simple diffusion
Gases exchange
75
Osmosis example
RBC hypotonic expand, RBC hypertonic shrink and RBC no change in isotonic
76
Active transport examples
- Active channel transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
77
Endocytosis
Bulk transport into the cell; one solid, one liquid
78
Exocytosis
Bulk transport of substance out of the cell, elimination of the substance; secretion, cellular waste
79
Phagocytosis
Bulk transport of solids
80
Pinocytosis
Bulk transport of liquids
81
Nucleus found in
RBCs, stores genetic information
82
Nucleolus...
produces ribosomes
83
nuclear envelope has
nuclear pores - allows movement of RNA, ribosomes
84
Golgi appartus that is
rich in glands, packages proteins into vesicles
85
mitochondria that is
rich in muscle, produces ATP, has crista and matrix
86
microvilli found in
intestine, renal tubules; finger-like extension - increases surface area and absorption
87
cilia that is found in the
sperm; larger version of cilia
88
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
rich in glands; has ribosomes - for synthesis of proteins
89
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
rich in liver; detoxification
90
lysosomes found
rich in WBCs - phagocytosis; strong enzymes, digests foreign substance/dead organelles
91
mitosis
mother cell give birth to two identical daughter cells which have same set of chromosomes
92
m phase
mitosis (pmat) + cytokinesis
93
mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
94
what happens during prophase?
chromosome duplicate; centriole will appear
95
what happens during metaphase?
chromosomes formed aligned in the midline
96
what happens during anaphase?
chromosomes aligned are pulled apart towards the pole
97
what happens during telephone?
pulled apart chromosomes form nucleolide
98
what happens during cytokinesis?
cytoplasm itself will divide resulting in formation of 2 cells
99
humans have
46 chromosomes; 22 autosomal pairs + 1 set of sex chromosomes
100
epithelial tissue
- cells closely bound to each other
- resting on basement membrane
- one surface exposed to surface
- stem cells bottom
- no blood supply
101
epithelia
covers
102
glands
secretes
103
examples of glands
endocrine, exocrine (saliva - merocrine, milk- apocrine, sebum - holocrine)
104
epithelia covers
- cells that cover internal or external surfaces
105
simple squamous
- thin, flat
- location: alveoli, blood vessels
- function: diffusion
106
simple cubodial
- cuboidal shape
- location: kidney tubules, glands
- function: secretion, absorption
107
simple columnar
- column shape
- intestines
- secretion, absorption
108
pseudo stratified columnar
- looks like multiple layers, but one layer only
- location: bronchi
109
stratified squamous
- multiple layers of squamous
- location: skin, mouth
- function: protection
110
transitional epithelium
- location: urinary bladder, ureters
- function: withstands stretching
111
components of connective tissue
- specialised cells
- protein fibers
- ground substance
112
cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts: predominant mother cells
macrophages: phagocytosis
fat cells: energy reserve
mast cells: histomy?
113
fibers in connective tissue
collagen: strong fiber; not branched (predominant)
elastic: wavy; stretched; branched
reticular: very thin interwoven fibers; anchor tissues
114
loose areolar tissue
Loose areolar tissue + fat --> adipose tissue
115
dense connective tissue
consists mainly of collagen; increased strands
irregular and regular
116
irregular dense tissue
dermis
117
regular dense tissue
tendons; ligaments
118
supporting connective tissue
- provides strong framework
- cartilage
119
cartilage
consists of chondrocytes, protein fibers, dense matrix; is avascular (no blood supply)
120
cartilage examples
hyaline (soft, joints), elastic (bendable) and fibro (collagen)
