TEST 3 GIT THEORY

Question 1

gastrointestinal tract consists of

Answer 1

muscular tubes and accessory organs

Question 2

the muscular tubes in the GIT are

Answer 2

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine

Question 3

the accessory organs in the GIT are

Answer 3

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and gallbladder, pancreas

Question 4

functions of the GI system

Answer 4

ingestion, mastication, digestion, secretion, absorption and excretion

Question 5

mucosa consists of

Answer 5

epithelium

Question 6

the two epithelium layers in the mucosa are

Answer 6

simple columnar, stratified squamous

Question 7

simple columnar

Answer 7

stomach, intestines - for secretion and absorption

Question 8

stratified squamous

Answer 8

other parts - for protection

Question 9

muscularis consists of

Answer 9

2 layers - inner circular, outer longitudinal

Question 10

stomach consists of muscularis:

Answer 10

OCL: innermost oblique, inner circular, outer longitudinal

Question 11

movements of the GIT

Answer 11

peristalsis: push food bolus front
segmentation: mix food with secretions

Question 12

blood supply of GIT - arterial supply

Answer 12

• celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric artery
• 1st capillary for nutrient absorption and 2nd at liver for processing

Question 13

oral cavity consists of

Answer 13

teeth, gingiva, tongue, lingual frenulum, salivary glands, soft palate, uvula, palatine tonsils

Question 14

oral cavity functions

Answer 14

taste, mechanical breakdown and lubrication of food, digestion of carbohydrates and lipids, breathing and speaking

Question 15

salivary glands

Answer 15

3 pairs: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 16

parotid

Answer 16

behind ear, duct opens into vestibule opp. 2nd upper molar tooth

Question 17

submandibular

Answer 17

below mandible, duct opens at sides of frenulum

Question 18

sublingual

Answer 18

below tongue, ducts open base of cavity

Question 19

saliva

Answer 19

1L/day, functions are lubrication, defense and digestion

Question 20

parts of tooth

Answer 20

crown, neck and root

Question 21

layers of tooth

Answer 21

enamel, dentin, pulp cavity

Question 22

types of teeth

Answer 22

incisor, canine, premolar and molar

Question 23

function of incisor

Answer 23

cut/chip

Question 24

function of canine

Answer 24

tear

Question 25

function of premolar, molar

Answer 25

mash/grind

Question 26

baby teeth

Answer 26

20 teeth - 2 sets: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars in each jaw

Question 27

adult teeth

Answer 27

32 teeth - 2 sets: 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw

Question 28

pharynx consists of

Answer 28

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 29

swallowing phases

Answer 29

oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal

Question 30

oral phase

Answer 30

tongue compress and retracts, soft palate closes nasopharynx, food bolus enters oropharynx

Question 31

pharyngeal phase

Answer 31

larynx elevates, epiglottis folds close larynx, food enters oesophagus

Question 32

oesophageal phase

Answer 32

lower oesophageal sphincter opens and food bolus enters stomach

Question 33

chyme

Answer 33

food mixes and gets partially digested by chyme

Question 34

rugae

Answer 34

folds of mucosa on inner surface - expansion

Question 35

2 sphincters

Answer 35

cardiac, pyloric

Question 36

cardiac sphincter

Answer 36

prevents reflux into oesophagus

Question 37

pyloric sphincter

Answer 37

regulates gastric emptying

Question 38

functions of the stomach

Answer 38

storage, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, production of intrinsic factor

Question 39

stomach lined by

Answer 39

simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells

Question 40

gastric pits contain

Answer 40

gastric glands

Question 41

gastric glands

Answer 41

parietal cells secreting HCL and intrinsic factor for Vit B12 absorption; chief cells secreting pepsinogen

Question 42

small intestine

Answer 42

duodenum, plica

Question 43

duodenum

Answer 43

25cm long, C-shaped and receives chyme from stomach, bile and pancreatic juice

Question 44

plica (circular folds)

Answer 44

lined by villus, lined by simple columnar epithelium. villus has lacteal (fat absorption).

Question 45

functions of the small intestine

Answer 45

90% of digestion and 90% of absorption of nutrients

Question 46

large intestine

Answer 46

caecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid), rectum and anal canal

Question 47

caecum

Answer 47

expanded pouch in right iliac fossa; appendix from posteromedial side

Question 48

rectum

Answer 48

temporary storage of faeces

Question 49

defaecation reflex

Answer 49

peristalsis: relaxation of internal sphincter (involuntary) and external sphincter (voluntary)

Question 50

large intestine functions

Answer 50

absorption of water, vitamin production and bile recycling

Question 51

liver lobes

Answer 51

4: right, left, caudate, quadrate

Question 52

porta hepatis

Answer 52

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common hepatic duct

Question 53

liver lobule

Answer 53

hexagonal

Question 54

corners (portal area)

Answer 54

branch of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic duct (V-A-D)

Question 55

liver functions

Answer 55

synthesis bile, plasma proteins, clotting factors storage of vitamins, iron, blood removal of waste products, drugs, toxins defense - kupffer cells

Question 56

gallbladder

Answer 56

fundus, body, neck, cystic duct

Question 57

gallbladder functions

Answer 57

stores, concentrates bile

Question 58

biliary tree

Answer 58

r&l hepatic duct --> common hepatic duct + cystic duct --> common bile duct + pancreatic duct --> duodenum

Question 59

pancreas

Answer 59

head, body, tail; retroperitoneal organ

Question 60

endocrine cells

Answer 60

1% of pancreatic cells, exists as clusters (Islets of Langerhans), secretes insulin

Question 61

exocrine cells

Answer 61

99% of pancreatic cells, exists as acini, secretes pancreatic juice which drains via pancreatic duct which empties into duodenum with CBD

Question 62

pancreatic juice made of enzymes (secreted as proactive form)

Answer 62

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases

Question 63

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Answer 63

acts on proteins

Question 64

pancreatic amylase

Answer 64

acts on carbohydrates

Question 65

pancreatic lipase

Answer 65

acts on lipids

Question 66

nucleases

Answer 66

acts on nucleic acids