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General Psychology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin’s theory of natural selection

A

states that members of a species who have characteristics that are best adapted to the environment are the ones who survive
and REPRODUCE passing on their genes to the next generation.

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2
Q

digust

A

An evolved psychological system
that biases behaviour to stop us
from coming into contact with
things that might make us sick.

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3
Q

universality hypothesis

A

Darwin put forth a “universality hypothesis” suggesting that facial expressions of emotion were passed
down through evolution from our ancestors and are thus UNIVERSAL
among humans. Therefore, facial expressions should be understood across CULTURES asthey are biologically “hard wired” from birth.

EG isolated tribes we reconisie express and so do they

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4
Q

Ekman 6 EMOTIONS

A
  • Ekman’s research provided evidence that 6 basic facial expressions (Happiness, sadness, anger, fear,
    surprise, and disgust) are well recognised across cultures
    Thus, supporting Darwin’s universality hypothesis.

this is important because facial expressions give us important signals about the ,good and thus the threats around us

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5
Q

what are facial expressions

A
  • The physiological component of emotion is the
    BODY’S
    reaction to an emotion causing stimulus.
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6
Q

Nervous system “chart”

A

The Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System Composed of:
1.5 BRAIN
1.5 SPINAL CORD
2. Peripheral Nervous System
Made up of the nerves (bunches of neurons) connecting the central nervous system to therest of the body
***See divisions of Peripheral Nervous System in chart below

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System chart

A

splits into
1. Somatic Peripheral Nervous System
and
2. Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System

2 splits into
2.a Sympathetic Autonomic
Nervous System
and
2.b Parasympathetic Autonomic
Nervous System

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8
Q

Somatic Peripheral Nervous System

A

Interacts with the EXTERNAL environment (gathering information from sensory systems and interacting with skeletal
muscles to allow for movement).

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9
Q

Autonomic Peripheral
Nervous System

A

Interacts with
internal
body parts that function
involuntarily without
our awareness.

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10
Q

Sympathetic Autonomic
Nervous System

A

Active in threatening situations
and prompts changes in the
body that prepare us for energy
expenditure
We call this our
“fight or flight response”

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11
Q

Parasympathetic Autonomic
Nervous System

A

Acts to bring us back to normal
when there are no longer any
threats present. It activates
functions that occur during a
relaxed state and promotes the
conservation
of energy (“rest and digest”)

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12
Q

fear

A

The part of the brain called the amygdala is central to our fear reactions. When presented with a
fear causing stimulus, the amygdala enables an ultrafast and AUTOMATIC
“ The “instant panic” reaction of the amygdala has the evolutionary advantage of allowing us to react quickly to threats, promoting survival.

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13
Q

what are emptional memories

A

” The amygdala also plays an important role in the creation of EMOTIONAL MEMORIES
which is useful because to survive, we should REMEMBER what is threatening in our ENVIRONEMENT

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14
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system activate

A
  • The physiological responses resulting from the activation of the sympathetic nervous system are
    universal
    and biological response patterns accompanying emotions are
    innate
    (present from birth) pointing to evolutionary origins.
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15
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Classical conditioning is a type of Learning
that occurs when we associate (link) two or more things together and are able to anticipate future events and thus react accordingly.

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16
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US):

A

A physical object, sound, or other event that an organism NATURALLY
responds to (no learning needed).

in Pavlov’s experiment the Us is the bread

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17
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

: A reflexive behaviour or feeling that is
naturally BROUGHT on by the unconditioned stimulus (no learning needed).

In Pavlov’s experiment the UR is:
drooling to the bread

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18
Q

How should a creature react before it has been classically conditioned

A

Before classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
(US)
Leads to
Unconditioned Response
(UR)

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19
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS):

A

A physical object, sound, or other event that has no meaning the organism
therefore it does not bring about any response
in particular.

in Pavlov’s experiment the S is the:

metronome

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20
Q

Acquisition phase of classical conditioning

A

Neutral
Stimulus
(NS)
+
Unconditioned
Stimulus
(US)
=
Unconditioned
Response
(UR)

Through repeated pairings of the NS + US, the NS stimulus takes on a
new meanina
The organism has learned that the NS signals an upcoming event, as such it is no longer “neutral”, The
Ns is now called the…
* Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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21
Q
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS):
A

A physical object, sound, or other event that, through the process of
classical conditioning, the organism has
learned
something about.

In Pavlov’s experiment the CS is the:
metronome + Food or somere accurately it is the metronome but we know it has changed the NS and CS are always EXACLTY the same only the reaction changes

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22
Q

Conditioned response (CR):

A

The
learned
behaviour or feeling that is caused by the
conditioned stimulus:
in Paviov’s experiment the cRis; drooling at the motronome

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23
Q

what should all these terms look like in a chart

A

US: X
UR: Action at X
NS: Y
CS: Y
CR: Action at Y

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24
Q

which steps shows us that classical conditionning has been achieved

A

The CR shows us that classical conditioning has indeed taken place! Even though the US is no longer
being presented, the organism
responds at its arrival based on the presence of the CS, and thus responds with the CR.

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25
Q

Classical conditioning accomplished
Conditioned

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Leads to
Conditioned
Response (CR)

26
Q

what is classical conditioning not

A

Not conscient not voluntary
It involves a reaction that is
reflexive and involuntary.

27
Q

Higher order conditioning

A
  • Higher order conditioning occurs when an already learned Cs is paired with a NEW
    stimulus. The new stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus, even though it was
    directly paired with the US.
    DONE WHEN ALREADY CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED
28
Q

Acquisition phase of higher order classical conditioning
Conditioned

A

Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)
+
NEW neutral
Stimulus
(NS)
=
Conditioned
Response
(CR)

Higher order classical conditioning accomplished

NEW Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)

Leads to

Conditioned
Response
(CR)

29
Q

example of Higher order conditioning

A
  • For example, a square is repeatedly paired with the metronome, but never directly paired with the
    food. Despite how tricky this is, the dog will soon salivate to the
    scare alone
30
Q

Differentiation of stimuli

A
  • Ideally, the organism should be able to differentiate stimuli in the environment (tell them apart) to know
    exaclty
    what stimuli predict what events (called differentiation),
31
Q

generalization

A

However, generalization often occurs, which is when a stimulus that is similar
the CS (but not the same) elicits the CR.
Example:
eg metronome
but
clock illicits behaviour (CR) anyways

32
Q

Does classical conditioning last forever?

A

Extinction occurs when the CR will stop occurring in response to the CS.
- Extinction happens when we present the CS repeatedly
fades away because the organism
established through classical conditioning.

33
Q

spontanious recovery

A
  • Spontaneous recovery: Sometimes, even after extinction has occurred, the CS will elicit the CR another
    time after a rest period
34
Q

taste aversion

A

A common form of classical condinioning calild a conditioned taste aversion, occurs when we eat a
particular food just before becoming.
sick
for a natural
reason (food
poisoning, eating too much, flu, etc.). We associate the food with feeling sick and learn to dislike it.

35
Q

what is a type of classical conditionwhich is particularly easy to establish

A

Organisms can be classically conditioned to dislike a food that makes them sick extremely easily
presumably because taste aversions are crucially tied to survival.

36
Q

Notes on rat experiment:

A

NS: Sweat Water
US: Litim Chloride o feeling sick
NS+ US = UR: vomiting

> rat will avoid sweet water

37
Q

pavlov (classical conditioning) vs rats (taste aversion)

A

Pavlov’s experiment
NS (metronome) + US (bread) > UR (drooling)
- Repeatedly
- Paired within seconds
Conditioned taste aversion
NS (sweet water) + US (lithium chloride) > UR (nausea)
* once.
- Paired after hours: of delay

— will work up to 24 hrs of delay

  • Unlike Pavlov’s original experiment, taste aversions can be formed in as little as ONE PAIRING of the NS (taste) and US (getting sick) and with LONGER delays (up to 24hr) between thepairing of the NS (taste) and US (getting sick).
38
Q

Sensory processes

A

“Our SENSATIONS begin when receptor cells in sensory organs (eye, ear, etc.) are stimulated
by physical energy (light waves, sound waves, etc.) or specific types of molecules (tastes or smells).
* Because the brain cannot processes raw sensory data, receptor cells convert incoming signals into an
ACTION POTENTIAL in a process called “transduction”

39
Q

example of a sensory process

A

” For example, in vision transduction is accomplished as LIGHT WAVES
stimulate two types of receptor cells, called photoreceptors, which are located in the retina (tissue
on the back wall of the eyeball):

40
Q

two types of photoreceptors

A
  1. Rods: Useful for detecting shades of grey and function well in dim lighting conditions.
  2. Cones: Useful for detecting colour and fine details, but need adequate light to work.
41
Q

Absolute threshold

A

” To find out the sensitivity of our sensory systems, we can search for absolute thresholds. That is, the
SMALLEST DETECTABLE INTENSITY of a particular stimulus.

42
Q

absolute threshold number and explanation

A

How intense does a
sensation need to be so
that you can just
barely detect it?

  • At very low levels, sometimes people will detect a stimulus and sometimes they won’t. Thus, the absolute
    threshold is said to be the intensity of a stimulus for which people tend to detect the stimulus 50%
    of the time.
43
Q

positive sensory adaptation

A

The sensitivity of our sensory systems varies between individuals and is not set. For example, we can
often adapt to the environment and become_- MORE
sensitive to a hard to detect stimulus
(called positive sensory adaptation).

44
Q

negative sensory adaptation).

A
  • However, if we are exposed to a_
    constant
    stimulus, we can actually become less
    sensitive to the sensation (negative sensory adaptation).
  • This occurs because as receptor cells fire action potentials in response to a constant stimulus they FATIGUE
    (slow down their rate of firing), which diminishes our sensory experience.

eh smells become less noticeable with time

45
Q

difference threshold

A
  • The difference threshold is the smallest detectable _change
    that people tend to be able to detect 50% of the time.
  • We need to change the intensity of a stimulus by a certain minimum percentage in order to tell that it is has changed.
46
Q

SENSATION DEFINITON

A

In effect, sensation refers to the detection of simple properties of stimuli/(sights, sounds, smells, etc.)
and the coding of this information into action potentials. Sensation is a
PHYSICAL
process, not a psychological one.

47
Q

bottom-up processing

A

The first time we ever process a particular stimulus, we use bottom-up processing. This is when we
build up to our experience from the
?????? individual pieces. We must sense the basic features of the stimulus and integrate them.

48
Q

top-down experience

A

When we experience a stimulus, we have knowledge and
expectations in our minds. Top-down processing refers to when this knowledge and expectancy drives
our experience of a stimulus.
Examples:
Drinks
more
saturated
People thought they tasted
sweater regardless of sugar

49
Q

perception

A

-Perception is the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming
it into something meaningfu
Perception is how we consciously
experience sensation, and it involves
BOTH
bottom-up and top-down processing.

50
Q

Attention

A
  • Information floods our sensory systems all of the time. We cannot
    ????
    and process everything. Thus, attention plays a major role in what we perceive.
51
Q

INTERGRATION

A

We must construct our perceptions in a fraction of a second by _ INTERGRATING
the “work” of various neurons with different functions.

With all the sensory information we receive, an important job in perception is to figure out which
elements GO TOGETHER and which are SEPARATE

52
Q

What is the role of perception

A

Ultimately, through perception, we are able to assign MEANING to what it is that we have taken in through the senses.

53
Q

How do we perceive depth?

A
  • An important process in vision is depth perception: Our ability to know what is CLOSE
    and what is FAR in order to perceive the world in 3D.
  • The tissue at the back of the eye onto which light is projected (the retina) is a 2D
    receiving only 2D information, the brain must search for subtle “
    cues
    surface. Thus,
    “ that provide
    information about our 3D world called depth cues:
54
Q
  • Interposition:
A

When one object partially blocks another from view, we perceive the blocked object as
being further away
.

55
Q
  • Relative size:
A

Larger objects are perceived as being closer to the viewer and smaller objects are
perceived as being further away

56
Q
  • Linear perspective:
A

Parallel lines are the same distance apart, but they appear to grow closer together
as they recede into the distance.

57
Q
  • Texture gradient:
A

Objects that are close have sharply defined and detailed features, but similar
objects farther away appear progressively less defined and hazy.

58
Q
  • Light and Shadow:
A

Shadows that are cast by objects can often provide clues to the object’s position in
space. The eye also receives more reflected light from objects that are closer to us.

59
Q

5 depth perception cues

A
  • Interposition:
  • Light and Shadow:
  • Texture gradient:
  • Linear perspective:
  • Relative size:
60
Q

binocular vision

A

Because our eyes are 2 ½2
world. Binocular disparity refers to the
inches apart, our retinas receive two slightly different views of the
captured by the right and left eye.
difference
between the information
- When visual information from the left and right eye arrives at the brain, it is Merged
into one view.
- Binocular disparity provides the brain with information about depth because the
an object is from us, the s
disparity there is
between the images received by each retina.
- As the brain
merges
the two views of the eyes into one, it takes binocular
disparity into account in order to allow us to “see” things as far away (if there was little disparity)
or close up (if there was a lot of disparity).

61
Q
  • Synaesthesia
A
  • Synaesthesia is a condition in which sensory information is processed by the wrong part of the brain.
    It causes people to experience INVOLUNTARY

perceptions that don’t
match up with the outside world (for example “seeing” a taste).

General Psychology (5 decks)

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