Test Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
fast acting neurotransmitters
A
GABA (inhibitory)
Glutamate (excitatory)
acetylcholine
2
Q
neuromodulators
A
dopamine
serotonin (5-HT)
norepinephrine
3
Q
monoamines
A
serotonin - catecholamines (tyrosine) - indolamines (tryptophan) dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine
4
Q
unconventional neurotransmitters
A
soluble (in lipids) neurotransmitters
nitric oxide
carbon dioxide
- stimulate second messenger
5
Q
autoreceptors
A
presynaptic neuron modulatory function bind to their own neurotransmitter metabotropic monitors neurotransmitter release
6
Q
7 steps of neurotransmitter release
A
synthesis storage (in vesicles) breakdown in cytoplasm for any neurotransmitter that leaks from vesicle excocytosis inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors activation of post synaptic receptor deactivation/reuptake
7
Q
nicotinic receptors
A
acetylcholine in PNS
8
Q
muscurinic receptors
A
acetylecholine in CNS - neuromuscular junctions
9
Q
where are glial cells found
A
CNS
10
Q
what are astrocytes
A
large glial cells found in CNS
11
Q
myencephalon
A
medulla - arousal, sleep, attention
tracts to the rest of the body
12
Q
metencephalon
A
cerebellum and pons
13
Q
mesencephalon
A
tectum and tegmentum
14
Q
pons
A
relay from cortex and midbrain to cerebellum (walking)
15
Q
cerebellum
A
adjusts ongoing movement, motor learning and emotional functioning
16
Q
tectum
A
inferior and superior colliculi
visual and spatial stimuli
17
Q
tegmentum
A
pariaqueductal grey - reproduction and defensive behaviour
red nucleus - precortical motor control
substantia nigra - dopamine cells - input from basal ganglia
18
Q
diencephalon
A
forebrain
hypothalamus
thalamus
19
Q
hypothalamus
A
pituitary regulator (hormone control of regulated behaviour)
20
Q
thalamus
A
relay structure - top of brain stem
receives info from sensory nuclei
relays signals between cortex and limbic system
regulates sleep and wakefulness
relays information from cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum
21
Q
telencephalon
A
cortex (forebrain)
22
Q
cortex contains
A
amygdala, limbic system and basal ganglia
6 layers of grey matter (cell bodies)
white matter (axons)
23
Q
tracts
A
bundles of axons in CNS
24
Q
nerves
A
bundles of axons in PNS
25
neuron
cell bodies in CNS
26
ganglia
cell bodies in PNS
27
oligodendrocytes
have extensions that wrap around neurons in the CNS
28
Schwann cells
contain 1 myelin sheath to help guide axonal regeneration in PNS
29
microglia
respond to injury by multiplying and engulfing cellular debris
part of the inflammatory response
30
types of efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
| parasympathetic nerves
31
sympathetic nerves
synapse onto second stage neurons far away from target organ
- autonomic motor neurons project from CNS to LUMBAR (small of back) and THORACIC (chest area)
32
parasympathetic nerves
synapse near their target organs and have a short second stage neural network
- conserve energy resources
- project from brain to SACARAL (lower back)
33
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
34
peripheral nervous system
outside of the skull and spine
- somatic nervous system (external)
- automatic nervous system (internal)
35
somatic nervous system
```
interacts with external environment
afferent nerves (in) - sensory signals - to CNS from skin, eyes...
efferent nerves - motor commands - CNS to muscles, joints...
```
36
automatic nervous system
regulates bodies internal environment
afferent nerves - sensory signals - internal organs to CNS
efferent nerves - motor commands - CNS to internal organs
37
dura matar
outside layer
protective
carries blood from brain
38
arachnoid membrane
surrounds brain and spinal cord
| below = subarachnoid space
39
three meninges
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
40
pia mater
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
| protects brain and spinal cord
41
golgi stain
used to visualise nervous tissue (neurons)
42
nissl stain
stains within a neuron
43
electron microscopy
details within a neuron
44
neuroanatomical staining
axons projecting away and into an area
away - anterograde
into - retrograde
45
secondary association cortex input
sensory
auditory
somatosensory
46
damage to association cortex
apraxia
| contralateral neglect
47
apraxia
disorder of voluntary movement
48
contralateral neglect
difficulty to respond to stimuli on opposite side of body to damage (also that side of objects)
49
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
voluntary movement
50
secondary motor cortex divisions
8
3 - motor areas
2 - premotor areas (dorsal and ventral)
3 - small cingulate motor areas
51
cerebellum
interacts with different levels of the hierarchy
motor learning
correcting ongoing movement
52
damage to cerebellum
force, velocity, amplitude, posture, balance, gait
53
basal ganglia
interconnected nuclei
corrects ongoing movement
habit learning
carries information in loops via the thalamus
54
dorsolateral corticospinal tract
direct - hands, wrists and fingers (distal muscles)
55
dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract
indirect
brain stem then spinal cord
synapses on the red nucleus
controls the cranial nerves and motor neurons controlling the arms and legs
56
ventromedial corticorubrospinal tract
direct
axons descend from primary motor cortex
innervates several spinal regions via interneuron circuits
57
ventromedial cortico-brain-stem spinal tract
indirect
feeds into a network of brain structures
proximal muscles of the face and limbs
58
how does learning affect sensorimotor function
organises movements into chunks
shifts control down the hierarchy leaving higher structures to do more complex tasks
59
lewy bodies
clumps of proteins found in degenerating dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
60
anterograde degeneration
between cut and terminal buttons
| distal segment
61
retrograde degeneration
between cut and cell body
| proximal segment
62
autosmal chromosomes
all typical chromosomes that aren't sex cells
| there is 22
63
transcription factors
protein binded to DNA controlling expression
64
what does mRNA do
attaches to ribosome and translates genetic code
65
codon
group of three consecutive nucleotide basis along mRNA
instructs what nucleotide base is being created
66
what does tRNA do
carries amino acid to ribosome
67
expression of a structural gene
```
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
ribosome
amino acid chains
protein
```
68
what do non structural genes contain
enhancers
- stretches of DNA that determine what structural genes produce proteins and at what rate
- allows the development of different cells
69
striatum of those with PD
depleted of dopaminergic neurons
70
atypical neuroleptics to help with Sz
clozapine - affinity for D1 and D4
| briefly antagonises D2 as well
71
Haloperidol
binds to D2 receptors reducing activity
72
reserpine
depleted vesicles of dopamine
73
chlorpromazine
blocks DA receptors
74
what neurotransmitters are involved with myelination and transmission
GABA and glutamate
75
what to hallucinogens do
serotonin agonists - affect negative symptoms
76
phineas gage
medial prefrontal lobe damage
planning
emotion
77
atithesis
opposite movements = opposite emotion
78
james-lange theory
experience of emotion is due to your physiological response
79
cannon-bard theory
physiological response doesn't always create emotion
| event results in a parallel process of emotion and physiological arousal
80
where is emotion expressed
circuit on the hypothalamus
81
where is emotion experienced
cortex
82
orbiculous ovuli
skin pulled to eyes
83
zygomaticus major
corner of lips rise up
84
kluver-bucey syndrome
```
ANTERIOR LOBE REMOVED
eat anything
increased sexual activity
lack of fear
explore familiar items
```
85
direct fear conditioning
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) to the amygdala
86
indirect fear conditioning
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) via auditory cortex to the amygdala
87
cut the medial geniculate nucleus and
no conditioned fear response
88
where does the amygdala project to
pariaqueductal grey - behavioural response
hypothalamus - sympathetic response
89
right hemisphere model
emotional processing on the right
90
valance model
right side = negative
| left side = positive
91
hippocampus and fear
context related fear
92
prefrontal cortex and fear
suppress conditioned fear response
93
lateral nucleus of the amygdala and fear
aquisition, storage and expression of fear
94
central nucleus of the amygdala and fear
defensive behaviour
95
patient S.P
part of the amygdala removed
| couldn't process fear in faces
96
urbach-weith disease
calcification of the amygdala
| can't process fear
97
medial prefrontal lobes and fear
cognition and emotion
98
suppression paradigms
inhibit emotional response
99
reappraisal paradigms
interpret something differently to change the emotional response
100
patient H.M
explicit episodic memory effected
| medial temporal lobe affected
101
patient R.B
cerebral ischemia
| CA1 subfield of the hippocampus
102
patient K.C.
medial temporal lobe damage
severe amnesia
cognition fine
103
patient N.A
Korsakoff syndrome
medial diencephalic damage
thalamus and mammillary bodies
amnesia for explicit memories (retrospective and anterospecitve)
104
where is LTP conducted
granule and pyramidal cells of hippocampus
105
metabolic tolerance
amount of drug getting to site
106
functional tolerance
activity of the sites
107
cirrhosis
alcohol scarring of the liver
108
positive incentive theory of addiction
take it for its hedonic effects
109
physical dependance theory
take drug to avoid withdrawal
| detoxified addicts = stronger cravings
110
mesotelencephalic dopamine system
linked with pleasure
intra-cranial stimulation
nucleus accumbens
111
initial drug taking
behavioural traits linked (novelty seeking)
| like experiences
112
incentive sensitisation theory
one becomes sensitised to a drug in prone individuals
wanting - nucleus accumbens
liking - dopamine less important
transition - change in striatum (habit formation) and impairment of prefrontal cortex (loss of control)
113
selye
ST stress - adaptive features (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
LT stress - maladaptive changes
114
stress increases the release of
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
115
stress triggers the release of
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
116
sympathetic nervous system adrenal system
increases amount of cytokines so influences immune respone
117
psychosomatic disorders
involve stress abd an illness
118
psychoneuroimmunologiy
interaction of immune response, psychological factors and the nervous system = gastric ulcers
119
microglia
phagocytes in CNS
120
innate immune system
```
reacts near site of pathogen
toll-like receotirs bind to molecules on surface of pathogens and antigens
imflammation
cytokines released
lymphocytes and phagocytes activated
```
121
adaptive immune respone
```
specific antigens
slower
specialised leukocytes
t cells - cell mediated immunity
b cells - antibody mediated immunity
```
122
t cells
phagocyte ingests pathogen
displays its microbodies on t cells
then multiplies
123
b cells
bind to foreign antigen
multipls and create antibodies
bind to and destroy pathogens
124
subordination stress
bullied as young, grow up to bully when older
125
monoamine reuptake inhibitors
iproniazid
126
tricyclic antidepressants
impiramine
127
selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors
floexitine (Prozac)
128
mood stabilisers
lithium
129
neuroplasticity theory
drugs take 2-3 weeks to take effect so it must be something further downstream
130
brin reduction in depressed individuals
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
and overall brain size
131
monoamine theory of depression
reduction in serotonin and norepinephrine
132
amino acids
glutamate - nervous system (excitatory)
GABA - brain (hyperpolarisation)
Glycine - spinal cord (hyperpolarisation)
133
peptides
endorphine
134
other neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
135
spinal cord nerves
```
afferent = dorsal (sensory - outside world)
efferent = ventral (motor - having effect on the world)
```
136
dorsal route
```
afferent
unipolar neurons bring information in via the dorsal route
cell bodies = dorsal route gangloins
ends in sensory input (peripheral)
or
the dorsal horn (internal)
```
137
ventral route
efferent
multipolar neurons sending information to the body via the ventral route
ends in the muscles
cell bodies = ventral horn
138
lens
change shape to accommodate light
139
rounder lens
thicker
| good for close objects
140
relaxed, thinner lens
far objects
141
p layers
```
top 4
small cell bodies
responsive to colour
stationary objects
cones
```
142
m layers
```
bottom 2
large cell bodies
respond to on/off regions
rods
movement
```
143
receptive fields in the fovea
circular
| monocular
144
V1 receptive fields
simple cells - lines, on/off
| complex - specific borders (more common)
145
visual cortex
V2 similar to V1 - complex shape characteristics
V3 - form, motion and depth
V4 - colour, form, stimulus saliency, attention
V5 - motion
146
ventral
what
scene analysis
object identification
147
dorsal
where
| spatial locations
148
cerebellum
modulate activity of motor neurons (fluid movement)
input = pons
output = thalamus
149
basal ganglia
glutamate an important input
output is mainly inhibitory = GABA
sequences of movement
150
hippocampus
spatial memory
151
Patient S.M
amygdala damage - lack of fear
152
phagocytes =
macrophages
