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Introduction Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • 70Mv
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2
Q

ions important for AP

A

sodium (Na+ - 3 in) and potassium (K+ - 2 out)

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3
Q

main forces on ions

A

electrostatic pressure - opposite charges attract

random motion - ions moving down concentration graient

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4
Q

sodium channels

A

closed at rest

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5
Q

potassium

A

closed

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6
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na+ in and 2 K+ out

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7
Q

where does AP start?

A

neurotransmitter binds at a specific site

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8
Q

EPSP

A

depolarised (decreasing potential = - 67Mv)

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9
Q

IPSP

A

hyperpolarised (increasing potential = -72Mv)

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10
Q

EPSP and IPSP

A

graded responses - proportional to intensity that elicits them

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11
Q

synaptic potentials are

A

rapid (almost instant) and decremental (decrease in amplitudes as they travel own the neuron)

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12
Q

where are action potentials generated?

A

axon initial segment - neurons fire depending on the sum of the graded potentials from surrounding synapses

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13
Q

AP

A

sum of depolarised and hyperpolarisations - does it pass the threshold of excitation (-55Mv)
1 second reversal of the membrane potential (+50Mv) - all or none response

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14
Q

integration

A

spatial summation - combining multiple AP’s

temporal summations - in succession

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15
Q

ionic basis of AP’s

A

1) voltage gated sodium ions open = allow Na+ into axon (open for 1 millisecond)
2) potassium ion channels open once at +50Mv
3) end of rising phase = Na+ channels close
4) repolarisation = efflux of K+
5) hyperpolarisation = K+ slow to shut so an excess of K+ ions outside of cell hyperpolarise it
- involve ions close to the membrane

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16
Q

absolute refractory period

A

immediately after AP - no other AP can be conducted

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17
Q

relative refractory period

A

higher than normal levels of stimulation needed

follows absolute refractory period

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18
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between the myelinated segments where ions can pass through the axon

AP elicited here - then passes passively and decrementally until next node

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19
Q

saltatory conduction

A

transmission of AP in myelinated axons

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20
Q

velocity of AP

A

diameter (larger the faster)
myelination (myelinated = faster)

fastest = 100mps
slowest = 1mps
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21
Q

non axon AP’s

A

passive and decremental

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22
Q

Hodgkin-Huxley model (1950)

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A

based on squid motor neurons
differences between motor neurons and cerebral neurons
cerebral neurons
- fire continually
- axons can conduct graded signals and AP’s
- AP’s of cerebral neurons differ greatly
- some don’t display AP’s
- dendrites of some can alone conduct AP’s

23
Q

axodendritic synapses

Study These Flashcards
A

axon terminal buttons synapse on dendrites

24
Q

axosomatic synapses

Study These Flashcards
A

axon terminal buttons on soma

25
dendrodenritic
transmission in either direction
26
axoaxonic
mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibit by acting on one specific synapse
27
directed synapse
site of neurotransmitter release an the site of neurotransmitters are close
28
non-directe synapse
neurotransmitter release and receptor far away
29
neuropeptides
large assembled on ribosomes, packed in vesicles, moved by microtubules to terminal buttons short amino acid chains (3-36 strands) release diffusely bind to metabotropic receptors that act through a second messenger
30
small neurotransmitters
synthesised in terminal buttons packed in vesicles by the golgi complex acts directly on ion channels
31
coexistance
often small + neuropeptide occupy a neuron
32
exocytosis
process of neurotransmitter release small neurotransmitters - tend to group near calcium ions (Ca+) once out they fuse with presynaptic membrane empty contents into synaptic cleft one AP = release of 1 vesicle neuropeptides - release gradually with intracellularly high levels of Ca+
33
autoreceptors
metabotropic - bind to their neurons own neurotransmitter located in the presynaptic neuron monitors neurotransmitter release
34
what is a receptor
protein
35
ligand
molecule that binds to another (neurotransmitter is a ligand of its receptor)
36
ionotropic receptr
ligand activated ion channels (fast)
37
metabotropic receptors
``` signal or g proteins (slow) each is attached to a signal protein and g protein either elicits EPSP/IPSP or triggers second messenger (long lasting) ```
38
reuptake
neurotransmitter drawn back into the presynaptic button by transporter mechanisms
39
enzymatic degradation
neurotransmitters are degraded in the synapse by enzymes (acetylcholine)
40
gap junctions
electric synapses | connexins - connects the cytoplasms of 2 cells
41
glial cells
junction between 2 same cells (synchronise)
42
astrocytes
star shaped glial cell of CNS (coordinates surrounding cells)
43
tripartite synapse
information from post synaptic neuron presynaptic neuron and astrocyte
44
amino acids
majority of fast acting neurotransmitters in the CNS glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
45
monoamine neurotransmitters
synthesise from small amino acids precent in small groups of highly branched axons in the brain SEND Serotonin - chatecholomines (synthesised from tyrosine) - indolamines (synthesised from tryptophan) Epinephrine (adrenaline) - adrenergic Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) - noradrenergic Dopamine
46
acetylcholine (ACH)
small molecule neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions
47
cholinergic neurons
release ACH
48
unconventional neurotransmitters
soluble (in lipids) gas neurotransmitters nitric oxide carbon monoxide immediately diffuse into nearby neurons extracellular fluid stimulate production of second messenger
49
retrograde transmission
soluble gas neurotransmission transmit signals back to presynaptic neuron
50
seven steps of a neurotransmitter
1) synthesis 2) storage (in vesicles) 3) breakdown in cytoplasm of any neurtransmitter that leaks from the vesicle 4) exocytosis 5) inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors 6) activation of postsynaptic receptor 7) deactivation
51
nicotinic and muscurinic receptors
bind to acetylcholine receptors found in PNS and CNS respectively
52
morphine
pleasure and reduction of pain
53
action potential that travels from terminal buttons to cell body
antidromic conduction
54
AP that travels from dendrites to terminal buttons
orthodromic conduction

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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