Test revision questions

Question 1

1. The Industrial Revolution was preceded by:

Answer 1

c. Agricultural Revolution

Question 2

2. The process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities:

Answer 2

d. Urbanisation

Question 3

3. Who is Isambard Brunel:

Answer 3

c. An engineer, whose achievements include: the engineer of the Great Western Railway, built the first ship wholly powered by steam (the SS Great Britain), and who worked on the first tunnel under the Thames River.

Question 4

4. What is a flying shuttle:

Answer 4

b. An invention that made weaving cloth easier and faster.

Question 5

5. The industrialist who introduced the assembly line was:

Answer 5

a. Henry Ford

Question 6

1. Discuss the role that canals played in the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 6

o Canals allowed for the greater exploitation of coal reserves as the coal could be moved further, and sold cheaper, allowing a new market to form. Industries could now relocate to coalfields or move to towns, and the materials and products could be moved either way.
o Canals stimulated new ways of raising capital, as the majority of canals were built as joint stock companies, with each company having to apply for an act of Parliament. Once created, they could sell shares and buy land, bringing in widespread investment, not just local.
o The creation of canals created a new, paid, labor force called ‘navvies’ (short for Navigators), increasing spending power at a time when industry needed markets, and each canal needed people to load and unload.
o New opportunities in mining, hardware, and other industries, for instance, the potteries, as markets for goods opened right up.

Question 7

3. What were the two main causes in the growth of Britain’s population from 6.5 million in 1750 to 32.5 million in 1900?

Answer 7

1o Changes in marriage age
o Improvement in health allowing more children to live to adult hood
o Increasing birth rates.
o Large numbers of people relocating from rural regions into large cities to be closer to their new factory workplaces

Question 8

a. Why did railway use during the Industrial Revolution increase ?

Answer 8

o Invention of and ever increasing reliance on railways during IR.

Question 9

b. Why was Great Britain the leader in building railways?

Answer 9

o They were the pioneers of railway transportation (of both goods and population).
o Strong iron production in the country, able to construct railways because of this access.

Question 10

5. Explain the importance of coal in the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 10

o Source of power - heat energy it created was transformed into mechanical energy thanks to the development of the steam engine.
o Was used to create and manufacture iron.
o Coal was a key player in the economic development of countries during the IR.
o Linked to transport - coal needed a strong transport network to be able to move large heavy goods.

Question 11

6. Why were women and children often given jobs over male workers during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 11

Because they could be paid less and exploited more.

Question 12

1. Using the picture below, identify AND explain THREE aspects of working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 12

o Working with dangerous machines - unsafe working environment-
o Long tiring days-The working conditions that working-class people faced were known to include: long hours of work (12-16 hour shifts),
o Potential to be exposed to harsh chemicals which can affect health

Question 13

2. Identify and explain THREE long-term impacts of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 13

o Increase of urbanisation-Cities grew because industrial factories required large workforces and workers and their families needed places to live near their jobs. Factories and cities attracted millions of immigrants looking for work and a better life in the United States.”
o Widening gap between rich and poor-Industrialization results in a wider gap between the rich and poor due to a division of labor and capital.
o Impact on environment-The use of chemicals and fuel in factories resulted in increased air and water pollution and an increased use of fossil fuels.

Question 14

3. Identify THREE inventions invented during the Industrial Revolution AND explain its significance to the Industrial Revolution. (6 marks)

Answer 14

o Spinning jenny-The invention increased the production ability of textile manufactures and was particularly important for cotton.
o Flying shuttle-The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms.
o Telephone-The telephone had a huge impact on the communication during the industrial revolution because it lets you communicate much faster lets you communicate with people in different countries and helps reduce many misunderstandings which lead to bad outcomes.

Question 15

1. What is the concept of producing large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply:

Answer 15

Mass production

Question 16

2. Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton mills were powered by:

Answer 16

water

Question 17

What was a common working condition in the factories of the early Industrial Revolution:

Answer 17

d. Poor lighting and no heating in winter.

Question 18

4. Australia provided Britain with the following raw materials during the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 18

d. Wool, gold, wheat.

Question 19

5. What is the term for the consolidation of communal fields, meadows, pastures, and other lands in western Europe into individually owned and managed farmland:

Answer 19

b. Enclosure

Question 20

1. What was Charles Townshend’s innovation? Describe why Charles Townshend’s innovation was important. (2 marks)

Answer 20

• 1st part: The 4-crop rotation system.
• 2nd part: In the 1730s, he discovered that by growing different types of crops in the fields year after year, British farmers did not have to leave a field for a growing season. For example, he argued that in one year the farmers should grow a cereal grain such as whet or barley and in a following year they should grow a vegetable crop such as turnips. By doing so, a farmer could grow food in a field every year without diminishing the ability of the soil. For his discovery, he became known as ‘Turnip Townshend’. In general, this allowed British farmers to grow more food, which in turn helped lead to an increase in the population of British citizens.

Question 21

2. Where were the first mills of the Industrial Revolution built and why?

Answer 21

o Marvel’s Mill in Northampton.

o It was built because it was close to a river/water source, which powered the mill.

Question 22

3. Who was Isambard Burel? What impact did he have on the Industrial Revolution

Answer 22

An engineer, whose achievements include: the engineer of the Great Western Railway, built the first ship wholly powered by steam (the SS Great Britain), and who worked on the first tunnel under the Thames River.

Question 23

4. Outline why people moved from rural areas to the towns and cities during the Industrial Revolution. (2 marks)

Answer 23

o Job opportunities
o More money to be made in the city than in rural areas
o Job losses in rural areas due to newer technology and people leaving the rural areas

Question 24

6. Identify some of the countries that were affected by the Industrial Revolution after Britain. Explain why their industrial revolutions occurred later. (2 marks)

Answer 24

o Europe, US, Japan, Australia.
o Reasons:
• Developed industries such as coal, textiles.
• Wanted to emulate Britain’s economic success and viewed other countries’ as economic competitors.
• People migrated from England and wanted to adopt their new inventions and innovations in their adopted homes.
• Wanted to trade with other industrialised countries.
• Economic and social demands.

Question 25

b. What was living in an industrial city like? In your response, explain three features from the image of the living conditions experienced in an industrial city.

Answer 25

``` o Cramped living conditions o Poor air quality o Lots of people living on top of one another o Lack of natural environment o Poor hygiene ```

Question 26

2. Why was iron important in the Industrial Revolution? Discuss its production and its uses. (4 marks)

Answer 26

o Was needed to make railway tracks, steam locomotives and the giant Watt steam engines that pumped the mines and provided energy to run factory machinery. At a later stage, iron was needed to construct the steamships. o In 1709, an ironmaster in Coalbrookdale, Abraham Darby I, succeeded in producing cast iron using coal. He discovered a process whereby coal was first turned into coke. When coal is turned into coke most of the sulphur is lost as sulphurous gases. The coke could then be used in the smelting process to produce iron. o It was Henry Cort who, in 1783, discovered an economic method of producing wrought iron. His 'puddling furnace' produced molten iron that could be rolled straight away, while it was still soft, into rails for railways, pipes, or even sheet iron for shipbuilding. o Became a huge economic export - made iron-building companies richer.

Question 27

3. Identify and explain TWO groups of people/things that benefitted from the Industrial Revolution and TWO groups of people/things that did not benefit from the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 27

```  Politicians  Industrialists  Inventors  Factory owners  Workers (after workers' rights)  Cities - Environment - Children and and women ```

Question 28

Explain who made the concept of crop rotation and why it was important.

Answer 28

In the 1730s, Charles Townshend discovered that by growing different types of crops in the fields year after year, British farmers did not have to leave a field for a growing season. For example, he argued that in one year the farmers should grow a cereal grain such as whet or barley and in a following year they should grow a vegetable crop such as turnips. By doing so, a farmer could grow food in a field every year without diminishing the ability of the soil. For his discovery, he became known as ‘Turnip Townshend’. In general, this allowed British farmers to grow more food, which in turn helped lead to an increase in the population of British citizens.

Question 29

James Hargreaves invented the?

Answer 29

Spinning jenny

Question 30

The seed drill and the horse drawn plough were invented by?

Answer 30

Jethro Tull

Question 31

What is the chronological order of power?

Answer 31

a. Steam engine - water power - railways - combustion engine

Question 32

What three essential things did colonies provide for Britain

Answer 32

Raw materials, workforce, customers.

Question 33

The period from 1850-1914 has been called

Answer 33

The second Industrial Revolution

Question 34

Explain why James Watt's invention of the steam engine was so important during the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 34

Watt's steam engine opened up an entirely new field of application: it enabled the steam engine to be used to operate rotary machines in factories such as cotton mills. Unsurprisingly, demand for Watt's steam engine was high, and it was quickly adopted across multiple industries.

Question 35

Identify the biggest use of energy resources during 1561-70 in England.

Answer 35

Coal

Question 36

Discuss some of the changes that occurred across Britain during the Agricultural Revolution

Answer 36

New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food production. This allowed a spike in population and increased health. The new farming techniques also led to an enclosure movement.

Question 37

Explain how the Industrial Revolution led to the expansion of factories and mass production

Answer 37

The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

Question 38

Describe positive long term effects of the IR

Answer 38

ending child labor, improved working and living conditions, worker's rights and the growth of labor unions.

Question 39

Describe negative long term effects of the IR

Answer 39

Widening the gap between rich and poor, impact on environment,