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1. Science 10 > Text C Biology 8.3 Cell Size And Function > Flashcards

Text C Biology 8.3 Cell Size And Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rate of diffusion of a molecule within a hypothetical cell?

A

2 nm per second

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2
Q

How long would it take for a molecule to diffuse from the cell membrane to the center of a cell with a diameter of 1 µm?

A

Time calculation needed based on diffusion rate

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3
Q

How long would it take for a molecule to diffuse from the cell membrane to the center of a cell with a diameter of 100 µm?

A

Time calculation needed based on diffusion rate

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4
Q

Which cell is more likely to survive, one with a diameter of 1 µm or one with a diameter of 100 µm?

A

1 µm cell is more likely to survive

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5
Q

What environmental factor contributed to the gigantism of prehistoric organisms?

A

Higher concentration of oxygen in the air

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6
Q

What is the concentration of oxygen in today’s air?

A

21 percent

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7
Q

What was the concentration of oxygen in Paleozoic air?

A

About 35 percent

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8
Q

How do insects breathe oxygen?

A

Through long tubes called tracheoles

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9
Q

What is the major limitation of diffusion?

A

It takes time

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10
Q

What permits diffusion across cell membranes?

A

Concentration gradient

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11
Q

How does the rate of diffusion within a cell compare to that across the cell membrane?

A

Rate of diffusion within the cell tends to slow abruptly

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12
Q

What happens to diffusion over long distances inside the cell?

A

It is slow and inefficient

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13
Q

What is the upper limit on cell size related to?

A

Surface area-to-volume ratio

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14
Q

What is the relative magnitude of a cell’s surface area to its volume called?

A

Surface area-to-volume ratio

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15
Q

Why could an amoeba never be human-sized?

A
  1. Diffusion would take too long for survival 2. Low relative surface area
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16
Q

What happens to substances diffusing through a cell’s thin membrane?

A

They diffuse rapidly (in less than a second)

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17
Q

What is the consequence if a cell’s diameter is too large?

A

It would die before oxygen and nutrients reach its organelles

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The distance oxygen travels down the tracheoles depends on the _______.

A

Oxygen concentration gradient

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19
Q

True or False: Diffusion requires energy input.

A

False

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20
Q

What happens to the volume and surface area of a cell as it grows?

A

The volume increases much faster than the surface area

This imbalance affects the cell’s ability to transport nutrients and wastes.

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21
Q

How does the surface area-to-volume ratio affect nutrient and waste management in cells?

A

A cell with a low surface area-to-volume ratio may not have enough surface area to transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes efficiently

This can lead to starvation or poisoning from waste buildup.

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22
Q

What is the surface area-to-volume ratio of a 1 mm wide cell?

A

6:1

The surface area is 6 mm² and the volume is 1 mm³.

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23
Q

What happens to the surface area and volume when the width of a cell is doubled from 1 mm to 2 mm?

A

Surface area increases to 24 mm²; volume increases to 8 mm³

Surface area increases by a factor of four, while volume increases by a factor of eight.

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24
Q

What is the new surface area-to-volume ratio for a cell that is 2 mm wide?

A

3:1

This is half the ratio of the 1 mm wide cell.

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25
True or False: A very large cell with a low surface area-to-volume ratio can survive and reproduce.
False ## Footnote Such a cell could starve or be poisoned by waste.
26
Fill in the blank: A cell with 2 mm sides has a surface area of _____ mm².
24 ## Footnote The surface area is calculated as 6 times the side length squared.
27
Fill in the blank: A cell with 1 mm sides has a volume of _____ mm³.
1 ## Footnote Volume is calculated as side length cubed.
28
How is surface area-to-volume ratio expressed?
As a fraction with surface area as the numerator and volume as the denominator.
29
What factors can change the surface area-to-volume ratio?
Changes in shape and size of cells.
30
What are non-linear relationships?
Relationships where one variable changes by a factor that includes an exponent.
31
What happens to the area of a square when its width (W) increases?
It increases by a factor of W.
32
What happens to the area of a cube when its width (W) increases?
It increases by a factor of W.
33
What shapes boost surface area-to-volume ratios in cells?
Infoldings of the membrane and flattened cell shapes.
34
What is the relationship between surface area-to-volume ratio and transport across the cell membrane?
Higher ratios allow for more transport across the cell membrane.
35
What types of cells have high surface area-to-volume ratios?
Cells specialized for transporting nutrients, such as those lining the digestive tract.
36
What is the function of plant root hairs regarding surface area-to-volume ratio?
They increase the absorption of nutrients across the root.
37
Fill in the blank: The shape of root hairs provides a high surface area-to-volume ratio for the passage of _______.
[nutrients]
38
How does cell division affect surface area-to-volume ratio?
It distributes cytoplasm roughly equally between daughter cells, preventing the ratio from getting too low.
39
What are redwood trees known for?
Being the tallest trees in the world, reaching heights over 90 m ## Footnote Redwood trees are massive organisms that depend on specialized cells.
40
How do multicellular organisms grow?
By adding more cells instead of simply growing larger cells ## Footnote This allows for the maintenance of a small size for individual cells, facilitating rapid diffusion.
41
What is the relationship between cell specialization and multicellularity?
Different groups of cells become specialized to perform specific functions ## Footnote This organization allows multicellular organisms to efficiently carry out various life processes.
42
What is the function of root cells in a redwood tree?
Specialized for absorbing water and minerals from the soil ## Footnote These cells are essential for the tree's nutrient uptake.
43
What do trunk cells in a redwood tree specialize in?
Transporting water from the roots to the leaves ## Footnote This is crucial for the tree's hydration and nutrient distribution.
44
What is the role of leaf cells in a redwood tree?
Specialized for absorbing sunlight energy to synthesize sugars ## Footnote This process is vital for the tree's photosynthesis.
45
How does cell size affect diffusion in multicellular organisms?
Smaller individual cell sizes facilitate rapid diffusion ## Footnote This is important for the efficiency of cellular processes.
46
What is a characteristic of colonies in organisms like Volvox?
Many individual cells live together and perform functions of a single-celled organism ## Footnote This allows for collective functioning as one organism.
47
What happens when a daughter colony of Volvox reaches maturity?
It digests a passageway through the side of its parent colony and swims away ## Footnote This reproductive strategy allows for the continuation of the species.
48
Fill in the blank: Multicellular organisms have _______ of many different types.
millions of cells ## Footnote This diversity allows for specialization and complex functions.
49
True or False: Single-celled organisms have specialized cells.
False ## Footnote Single-celled organisms must perform all functions themselves.
50
Who is Dr. Pierre Cöté?
A civil engineer interested in environmental engineering and water treatment ## Footnote Dr. Cöté developed the ZeeWeed filtration membrane
51
What is ZeeWeed?
A unique filtration membrane for water treatment ## Footnote Represents a revolution in water treatment technology
52
What are the typical steps in traditional water treatment?
Passing water through clean sand, adding gel-like coagulants, then adding chlorine ## Footnote These steps aim to kill bacteria in water
53
What type of water can ZeeWeed treat?
Ground water, surface water, municipal and industrial waste water ## Footnote ZeeWeed purifies water before discharge to the environment
54
What are the characteristics of ZeeWeed's fibres?
Thin, hollow fibres with small pores ## Footnote Pores block viruses and micro-organisms
55
How does ZeeWeed operate in water?
Fibres are immersed in water, float freely, and a light stream of air bubbles keeps them moving ## Footnote This exposes the membranes to incoming water currents
56
What happens to molecules when they diffuse into a cell?
Their diffusion rate slows ## Footnote This makes it inefficient for cells to become too large
57
Why do cells need to maintain a high surface area-to-volume ratio?
To efficiently transport critical nutrients to organelles ## Footnote Larger cells would take too long for nutrients to reach them
58
How does cell size affect efficiency in multicellular organisms?
Smaller cells or those with high surface area are more efficient ## Footnote Multicellular organisms grow large by having thousands of small cells
59
Which cell has a higher surface area-to-volume ratio: a spherical cell with a diameter of 10 nm or 15 nm?
The spherical cell with a diameter of 10 nm ## Footnote Smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio
60
What are two features of multicellular organisms not seen in single-celled organisms?
1. Specialization of cells 2. Complex structures and systems ## Footnote These features enable multicellular organisms to perform various functions
61
Why do dogs curl up in a ball to keep warm?
To reduce surface area exposed to cold, minimizing heat loss ## Footnote This behavior helps in regulating body temperature
62
Fill in the blank: ZeeWeed requires little _______.
energy ## Footnote This is due to its efficient design
63
True or False: Multicellular organisms grow by increasing the size of individual cells.
False ## Footnote They grow by having many small cells instead

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