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1. Science 10 > Text C Biology 7.3 What's In A Cell? > Flashcards

Text C Biology 7.3 What's In A Cell? Flashcards

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1
Q

What analogy is used to describe a cell?

A

A bustling city

The analogy emphasizes the complexity and organization of cells, similar to how a city operates.

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2
Q

What are the essential functions compared to a city’s needs?

A

Generating power, bringing in food, disposing of garbage, moving people and supplies

These functions illustrate the roles of organelles within the cell.

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3
Q

What is necessary for a city to run smoothly?

A

Teamwork and organization

This parallels the coordination required among organelles in a cell.

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4
Q

What would happen if cities lacked infrastructure like streets and power lines?

A

They would not be very efficient

This reflects the importance of organelle structures and connections within a cell.

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5
Q

What do ports, harbours, and highways provide for a city?

A

Connections with the outside world

This is similar to how organelles interact with the cell membrane.

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6
Q

What are the internal cell parts called that carry out specific functions?

A

Organelles

Organelles perform various tasks necessary for the cell’s survival.

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7
Q

What do boundaries in a cell create?

A

Compartments for specific cell functions

These boundaries also protect the cell.

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8
Q

What enables cells to survive and function in various environments?

A

Co-ordination of the organelles

This coordination is crucial for the cell’s overall function.

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9
Q

What are plant and animal cells made up of?

A

Different tissues made up of specialized cells

Specialized cells have distinct forms and functions.

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10
Q

How do muscle cells differ from blood cells?

A

They look different under a microscope

This highlights the specialization of cells based on their functions.

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11
Q

What do plant and animal cells have in common?

A

Many of the same parts

Despite differences, they share basic structural and functional similarities.

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12
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Cells that have membrane-bound organelles, including most animal and plant cells.

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13
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and some algae that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

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14
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Separates the cell interior from the environment and regulates material entry and exit.

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15
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

Plasma membrane.

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16
Q

What are the main components of the cell membrane?

A
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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17
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small membrane sacs that store or transport materials in and out of the cell.

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18
Q

How do small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the cell membrane?

A

By simple diffusion.

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19
Q

What is the role of proteins in the cell membrane?

A

They act as tiny doors that let certain molecules cross the boundary.

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Directs all of the cell’s activities and contains the cell’s genes.

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21
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The membrane surrounding the nucleus with nuclear pores.

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22
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Molecules that translate messenger RNA into proteins.

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23
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

In the nucleolus.

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24
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of folded membranes and tubes connected with the nucleus.

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25
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
* Rough endoplasmic reticulum * Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
26
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Studded with ribosomes to build proteins.
27
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?
Lipids and packages large molecules in vesicles.
28
What are lysosomes?
Special vesicles that degrade various materials with digestive enzymes.
29
What type of environment do lysosomes operate in?
Generally low pH, which helps digestive enzymes function.
30
What role do lysosomes play in the cell?
* Degrade food particles * Kill infectious microorganisms * Devour old cell parts
31
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and repackages molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum.
32
How does the Golgi apparatus relate to vesicles?
Vesicle membranes fuse with the Golgi apparatus to deliver molecules.
33
What happens to materials needed outside the cell at the Golgi apparatus?
They are packaged into vesicles that travel to the cell membrane.
34
What is the origin of the term 'lysosome'?
Derived from the word 'lysis', relating to breaking down materials.
35
What are nuclear pores?
Small openings in the nuclear envelope that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm ## Footnote Nuclear pores are essential for controlling the exchange of substances such as RNA and proteins.
36
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane that encloses the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm ## Footnote The nuclear envelope consists of an inner and outer membrane.
37
What are ribosomes?
Molecular machines that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA ## Footnote Ribosomes can be found free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
38
What is the primary role of mitochondria?
To provide energy for the cell by converting energy in food molecules into a usable form ## Footnote Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
39
Which cells tend to have many mitochondria?
Cells that require a lot of energy, such as muscle cells ## Footnote The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary based on its energy demands.
40
What occurs within the mitochondria?
Chemical reactions that convert energy in food molecules into a usable form for the cell ## Footnote These reactions occur on folded membranes inside the mitochondria.
41
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus that play a role in cell division ## Footnote Centrioles help move genetic material into each new cell during division.
42
Do most plant cells have centrioles?
No, most plant cells do not have centrioles ## Footnote Centrioles are primarily found in animal cells.
43
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell ## Footnote The Golgi apparatus plays a critical role in the processing of proteins.
44
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A type of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis ## Footnote The rough ER is responsible for the production of proteins that are secreted from the cell.
45
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification ## Footnote The smooth ER also plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism.
46
What is the cytoplasm?
The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes ## Footnote The cytoplasm is composed of cytosol, organelles, and various inclusions.
47
What is a vacuole?
A membrane-bound organelle that stores substances and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells ## Footnote Vacuoles can contain nutrients, waste products, or other materials.
48
What is the function of lysosomes?
To contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris ## Footnote Lysosomes are often referred to as the waste disposal system of the cell.
49
Fill in the blank: The ________ is responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are secreted from the cell.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
50
True or False: Mitochondria are only found in animal cells.
False ## Footnote Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including plant and fungal cells.
51
What are vacuoles?
Balloon-like vesicles in cells that provide storage for water, food, and minerals ## Footnote Vacuoles also assist in regulating water amount, digesting old cell parts, and containing wastes or poisons.
52
What is the primary function of the large central vacuole in plant cells?
To regulate the amount of water in the cell ## Footnote The central vacuole may occupy nearly the entire cell volume.
53
What do plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria have that provides structure and support?
Cell walls ## Footnote Cell walls are composed of cellulose and give cells their shape.
54
Who observed cork cells and what did he actually see?
Robert Hooke; he saw the cell walls of dead plant cells ## Footnote This observation led to the discovery of cells.
55
What process do chloroplasts facilitate in green plants?
Photosynthesis ## Footnote This process involves trapping sunlight energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.
56
What is the structure of chloroplasts?
Two layers of membranes, with an inner layer of flattened membrane sacs ## Footnote The inner membranes contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that absorbs sunlight.
57
What is cellulose and why is it significant?
A fibrous material that makes up cell walls; it provides dietary fiber ## Footnote Cellulose has no nutritional value for humans because we lack the enzymes to digest it.
58
Fill in the blank: The organelles involved in a protein's 'life story' include _______.
[key organelles involved in protein synthesis and transport] ## Footnote Consider organelles like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
59
What might you find if you could dissect a single cell?
Various organelles and structures within the cell ## Footnote Observing a virtual cell can help visualize these structures better than a 2D illustration.
60
Why is cellulose important in our diet?
It provides fiber that keeps the digestive tract healthy ## Footnote However, it has no nutritional value due to lack of digestive enzymes.
61
Who developed the DNA sequencer technology that accelerated the mapping of the human genome?
Drs. Jianzhong Zhang and Norm Dovichi
62
What was the speed of the DNA sequencer developed by Zhang and Dovichi compared to previous instruments?
Ten times faster
63
In which decade did Zhang and Dovichi begin their work on the DNA sequencer?
Late 1980s
64
What challenges did Zhang and Dovichi face while trying to secure funding for their work?
Frustration due to lack of knowledge from funding organizations
65
What assumption did funding organizations make about U.S. companies in relation to Zhang and Dovichi's research?
That U.S. companies were probably doing similar research with more lucrative funding
66
What was the consequence of the delays faced by Zhang and Dovichi in securing funding?
A foreign company developed the same technology and filed patents
67
What initiative did the University of Alberta form to support its researchers?
An Industrial Liaison Office
68
Name two cellular structures that are present in plant cells but not in animal cells.
Chloroplasts, rigid cell wall
69
Which structure within the cell carries out protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
70
How is the Golgi apparatus like a post office?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery
71
Fill in the blank: Organelles divide the cell interior into many different compartments. This benefits the cell by _______.
allowing specialization of functions
72
What are the shared structures between plant and animal cells?
* Cell membrane * Nucleus * Cytoplasm * Mitochondria * Endoplasmic reticulum * Golgi apparatus * Vacuoles
73
How do plant cells differ from animal cells in terms of vacuole structure?
Plant cells usually have one large vacuole; animal cells contain many smaller vacuoles
74
What is one piece of evidence supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria?
Both contain a small amount of their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA

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