Text A Chemistry 1.1 Investigating And Working With Chemicals

Question 1

When did chemistry, as it is known today, emerge?

Answer 1

Late 1700s

Question 2

What were dyes for decorating fabrics historically obtained from?

Answer 2

Local plants

Question 3

Name a plant that produces a blue-green dye.

Answer 3

Delphinium

Here is a list of plants commonly used to dye:
Woad (Isatis tinctoria)

Japanese indigo (Persicaria tinctoria)

Coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria + dwarf variety)

Madder

Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium velum)

Weld (Reseda luteola)

Violas

Many varieties of marigolds (Tagates)

Calendulas

Cosmos (Cosmos sulfureis and bipinnatus)

Black Eyed Susans

Pincushion flower (Red and black scabiosa)

Syrian rue* (Peganum Harmala)

Forking Larkspur (Consolida regalis)

Delphinium (Delphinium grandiflorum)

Zinnias (Zinnia mexicana and a common variety)

Dalias (Dalia varabais)

Sweet wormwood (Artemesia annua)

Bachelors button (Centaurea azul)

Black hollyhock (Alcea Rosea Nigra)

Forget me not (myosotis)

St. Johns Wort* (Hypericum)

Equinacea

Lobelia* (Lobelia cascade)

Elder tree (sambucus nigrus)

Azalea

Sweet Willian (Dianthus barbatus)

Verbena

Cockscomb (Celosia)

Columbine*

Hopi Black Dye Sunflower (Tceqa’ Qu’ Si)

Question 4

What dye is produced from the roots of bloodroot plants?

Answer 4

Orange dye

Question 5

For what purposes have Aboriginal peoples used chemical properties?

Answer 5

Clothing, food preservation, illness treatment, tool building, and decoration

• tanning leather with water and ash mixture
• waterproofing canoes with animal fat and spruce or pine gum
• possibly died clothing (Delphinium can give a blue-green colour and bloodroot gives orange)

Question 6

What did many Aboriginal peoples mix with animal fat to build waterproof canoes?

Answer 6

Pine or spruce gum

Question 7

What technique did Aboriginal peoples use to tan leather?

Answer 7

Various techniques including a mixture of ashes and water

Question 8

What substances in ashes helped to break down the mucous layer on hides?

Answer 8

Chemical substances

Question 9

What was applied to hides to create soft, water-resistant buckskin?

Answer 9

Animal brains

Question 10

What is the process of using animal brains to tan leather called?

Answer 10

Brain-tanning

Question 11

Which plant was used by many Aboriginal peoples to treat coughs and colds?

Answer 11

Wild ginger

Question 12

What can be made from the juice of juniper berries to soothe insect bites?

Answer 12

Tea

Question 13

Fill in the blank: Aboriginal peoples used _______ to preserve food.

Answer 13

[chemical properties]

Question 14

True or False: The use of chemical substances by humans is a recent development.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is one benefit of traditional tanning methods compared to mass-production methods?

Answer 15

Hides tanned using traditional methods are said to be softer and stronger

Traditional methods are still preferred by some Aboriginal people and others interested in these techniques.

Question 16

What has become more popular alongside modern medicine?

Answer 16

Ancient means of healing and herbal medicine

This resurgence is partly due to an increased interest in traditional methods.

Question 17

What is the purpose of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?

Answer 17

To provide important information about a chemical

An MSDS includes physical properties, chemical hazards, handling instructions, storage, and disposal information.

Question 18

What must everyone who works with chemicals know?

Answer 18

How to handle them safely and responsibly

Improper handling can be dangerous, even with household substances.

Question 19

What type of clothing may be required when handling chemicals?

Answer 19

Protective clothing

This is essential for safety in the chemistry laboratory.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: An MSDS includes instructions on how to _______.

Answer 20

[handle, store, and dispose of the chemical]

These instructions are crucial for safe chemical management.

Question 21

True or False: Native medicines are no longer used today.

Answer 21

False

Native medicines are still gathered, prepared, and administered by trained individuals.

Question 22

What should you consult to find out how to handle a chemical safely?

Answer 22

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

The MSDS contains essential safety information for each chemical.

Question 23

What kind of information does an MSDS include regarding the chemical?

Answer 23

Physical properties and chemical hazards

Examples of physical properties include melting point and boiling point.

Question 24

Why is safety important in the chemistry laboratory?

Answer 24

Improper handling of chemicals can be dangerous

This applies to both professional and household chemicals.

Question 25

What is one benefit of traditional tanning methods compared to mass-production methods?

Answer 25

Hides tanned using traditional methods are said to be softer and stronger ## Footnote Traditional methods are still preferred by some Aboriginal people and others interested in these techniques.

Question 26

What has become more popular alongside modern medicine?

Answer 26

Ancient means of healing and herbal medicine ## Footnote This resurgence is partly due to an increased interest in traditional methods.

Question 27

What is the purpose of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?

Answer 27

To provide important information about a chemical ## Footnote An MSDS includes physical properties, chemical hazards, handling instructions, storage, and disposal information.

Question 28

What must everyone who works with chemicals know?

Answer 28

How to handle them safely and responsibly ## Footnote Improper handling can be dangerous, even with household substances.

Question 29

What type of clothing may be required when handling chemicals?

Answer 29

Protective clothing ## Footnote This is essential for safety in the chemistry laboratory.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: An MSDS includes instructions on how to _______.

Answer 30

[handle, store, and dispose of the chemical] ## Footnote These instructions are crucial for safe chemical management.

Question 31

True or False: Native medicines are no longer used today.

Answer 31

False ## Footnote Native medicines are still gathered, prepared, and administered by trained individuals.

Question 32

What should you consult to find out how to handle a chemical safely?

Answer 32

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) ## Footnote The MSDS contains essential safety information for each chemical.

Question 33

What kind of information does an MSDS include regarding the chemical?

Answer 33

Physical properties and chemical hazards ## Footnote Examples of physical properties include melting point and boiling point.

Question 34

Why is safety important in the chemistry laboratory?

Answer 34

Improper handling of chemicals can be dangerous ## Footnote This applies to both professional and household chemicals.

Question 35

What are the four 'elements' according to Ancient Greek philosophers?

Answer 35

Earth, water, fire, air ## Footnote These elements were thought to compose all matter.

Question 36

What are the four humours in Ancient Western medicine?

Answer 36

* Black bile (earth) * Phlegm (water) * Yellow bile (fire) * Blood (air) ## Footnote Each humour was thought to correspond to one of the four elements.

Question 37

What was believed to determine a person's temperament and health in Ancient Western medicine?

Answer 37

The balance of the four humours ## Footnote An imbalance was thought to cause illness.

Question 38

What medical practice was used to restore balance to the humours?

Answer 38

Bloodletting ## Footnote This was thought to cure illnesses associated with air and fire.

Question 39

Until when did the theory of the four humours persist?

Answer 39

Late 16th century

Question 40

What is matter defined as?

Answer 40

Anything with mass and volume ## Footnote Matter can exist as solid, liquid, or gas.

Question 41

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Answer 41

Combinations of matter that can be separated by physical means ## Footnote Components are visible and composition is variable.

Question 42

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Answer 42

Different components are not visible ## Footnote Composition is constant throughout the mixture.

Question 43

Classify seawater as either a pure substance or a mixture.

Answer 43

Mixture

Question 44

Classify iron as either a pure substance or a mixture.

Answer 44

Pure substance

Question 45

Classify copper (Cu) as either a pure substance, element, or compound.

Answer 45

Element

Question 46

Classify oxygen (O2) as either a pure substance, element, or compound.

Answer 46

Element

Question 47

Classify sugar dissolved in water as either a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.

Answer 47

Homogeneous mixture

Question 48

Classify cranberry juice as either a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.

Answer 48

Heterogeneous mixture

Question 49

What is a pure substance?

Answer 49

Matter that has a definite composition ## Footnote Pure substances can be elements or compounds.

Question 50

What is a compound?

Answer 50

Two or more elements that are chemically combined ## Footnote Compounds can be separated chemically into simpler substances.

Question 51

Classify water (H2O) as either an element or a compound.

Answer 51

Compound

Question 52

Classify sodium chloride (table salt) as either an element or a compound.

Answer 52

Compound

Question 53

Classify steel as either a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture.

Answer 53

Homogeneous mixture

Question 54

Classify bronze as either a pure substance, element, or compound.

Answer 54

Alloy (homogeneous mixture)

Question 55

Classify methane (CH4) as either an element or a compound.

Answer 55

Compound

Question 56

What is the definition of a pure substance?

Answer 56

Matter that has a definite composition ## Footnote Pure substances include elements and compounds.