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Sociology- Culture, socialisation, identity > The agents of socialisation > Flashcards

The agents of socialisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 agents of socialisation?

A
  • Family (primary)
  • Peers (secondary)
  • Workplace (secondary)
  • Education (secondary)
  • Religion (secondary)
  • Media (secondary/primary)
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2
Q

What did OAKLEY say about gender role socialisation within families?

A
  • Manipulation: parents encourage children to follow stereotypes
  • Language: girls more likely to be called ‘pretty’, boys= strong’
  • Canalisation: boys toys= manual labour, girls toys= beauty
  • Gendered activities: boys= adventurous, risky. Girls= domestic, caring roles
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3
Q

What are the ways that family socialise their children into cultural norms?

A
  • Imitation: copy language/behaviour
  • Trial and error: receive rewards and sanctions for different behaviours
  • Role models: look up to parents and copy behaviour
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4
Q

What does PALMER say about childhood socialisation?

A

Not as effective as it used to be:
- Commercialisation of childhood: being exploited by advertisers
- ‘Schoolification’- reduces independence
- Devices act as ‘electronic babysitters’
- ‘Toxic childhood’

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5
Q

What factors have an impact on family relationships?

A
  • Family size
  • Family member’s age
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6
Q

How do functionalists explain the role of family as an agent of socialisation?

A

Family is the teacher of basic norms and values of everyday life

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7
Q

How do marxists explain the role of family as an agent of socialisation?

A

Family encourage children to accept the capitalist system and continue the cycle of obedient workers

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8
Q

Why do children have to adapt norms and values when they start school?

A

Process of resocialisation- they are taught new norms and values surrounding school and education

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9
Q

What are the two main processes of social learning in schools?

A
  • Formal curriculum (planned programme of: objectives, content, learning experiences, resources, assessments)
  • Informal curriculum (teaches children rules and regulations of school life)
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10
Q

What are the ways that individuals are socialised through the education process?

A
  • Content of lessons (learn about culture)
  • School rules and policies
  • Teachers as role models
  • Hierarchy
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11
Q

What did BOWLES and GINTIS say about the education system?

A

It is a ‘giant myth-making machine’- people are taught to accept their place in society, and everything is based on meritocracy

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12
Q

How do functionalists explain the role of education in the socialisation process?

A

To be privately educated is the best. Meritocracy and deferred gratification (hard work now, reward later). Values: educational success, motivation, competition

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13
Q

How do marxists explain the role of education in the socialisation process?

A

Education system socialises children to learn to accept their lower place in the capitalist society. Students obey rules and accept hierarchy. ‘Giant myth making machine’. Values:hard work, obedience, respect for authority

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14
Q

How is peer group socialisation different from socialisation by adults?

A

Teaches new norms and values. Peers may contradict rules that derive from parental authority- resist and rebel authority

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15
Q

What are the ways that peer groups act as an agent of socialisation?

A
  • Differing activities
  • Resistance and rebellion
  • Peer group pressure
  • Recognising similarity
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16
Q

Why do interactionists criticize the process of socialisation?

A

The person you are is shaped by the people you are socialising with

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17
Q

How do peer groups operate to ensure conformity?

A

Peers exert pressure on one another- belonging and being part of a group are important to young people

18
Q

What was SEWELL’S idea surrounding peer groups?

A

‘Cultural comfort zones’- people tend to join peer groups that include people from similar social backgrounds to themselves, e.g. social class, ethnicity, gender

19
Q

What did SKELTON and LEES find in their research on peers?

A

SKELTON- children play with their own, gender specific activities
LEES- pressure on teen girls by peers (girls with lots of sexual partners= slags, boys with lots of exual partners= masculine

20
Q

What are the 2 purposes of mass media?

A
  • Information (accessing news and current events)
  • Communication (staying in contact)
21
Q

What are the ways that the media acts as an agent of socialisation?

A
  • Role models: socially acceptable behaviour (TV/books)
  • Imitation: copying what one has seen/heard
  • Gender roles: shows social groups changing
  • Consumer culture: advertising brands
22
Q

How do postmodern theories explain the influence of the media on shaping individuals?

A

YOUNG- video games lead to violence
BAUDRILLARD- we live in a ‘media saturated society’

23
Q

What did FERGUSON and MCROBBIE say about media representation?

A

FERGUSON- women’s operate through a ‘cult of femininity’
MCROBBIE- ‘slimblondeness’: you have to be slim and blonde to ‘get a man’

24
Q

What is the hypodermic model?

A

Images enters brain straight away and you decide to buy it immediately

25
Q

What is the drip drip model?

A

Media slowly puts the image in our heads, over time, slowly influencing us to buy products

26
Q

What was MULVEY’S concept?

A

The ‘male gaze’
In TV, the camera ‘eyes up’ women, encouraging viewers to view female bodies and attractiveness

27
Q

What did YOUNG say about media?

A

We live in a ‘bulimic society’- hunger and desire to binge on media and consumer culture

28
Q

What is secularisation?

A

Norms and values of religion have changed over time- behaviour is no longer driven

29
Q

What did VOAS and CROCKETT say about religion?

A

More believing than belonging- belief in religion, but less of a community aspect

30
Q

What are the ways that religion acts as an agent of socialisation?

A
  • Socialises people into a set of moral values
  • Rituals/ceremonies bring people together- harmony and unity
  • Moral code, which guides daily behaviour
31
Q

What did BERGER and LUCKMANN say about religion?

A

It is becoming harder for religion to be a central part of culture that socialises individuals-
- No longer a single belief system- multiculturalism and cultural diversity

32
Q

What did GHUMANN say about the influence of religion on gender identity?

A

Some religions have dress codes for men and women- e.g. Muslim women wear hijabs

33
Q

What did MODOOD and BERTHOUD say about religion as an agent of socialisation?

A

Multi-faith nature of the UK means that religion socialises some groups more than others (e.g. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis)

34
Q

How do functionalists explain the role of religion in the socialisation process?

A

Socialises individuals into society’s value consensus- values become moral codes. The ‘opium of the masses’- guides behaviour

35
Q

How do marxists explain the role of religion in the socialisation process?

A

Acts as to socialise people into accepting their exploitation by the ruling class- exploitation made bearable by promise of afterlife

36
Q

What is anticipatory socialisation within the workplace?

A

An individual researches the job role before they start to build up an idea of what to expect

37
Q

What is resocialisation and how is this important in the workplace?

A

Learning a new set of norms and values- being socialised again. Occurs when starting a new job as norms/values differ from company to company

38
Q

What are the ways that the workplace acts as an agent of socialisation?

A
  • Role models (boss/co-workers)
  • Use of positive and negative sanctions
  • Anticipatory socialisation and resocialisation
39
Q

What is the difference between formal and informal socialisation in the workplace?

A

Formal- learning code of conduct, dress code, behaviour, expectations. reinforced by positive and negative sanctions
Informal- colleagues teach you about the job, explain there will be sanctions

40
Q

Which sociologist wrote about ‘canteen culture’ and what is it?

A

WADDINGTON- police officers learn norms and values of their role by speaking to other workers- forms stereotypes and racism

41
Q

How do marxists explain the role of the workplace as an agent of socialisation?

A

RITZER- young people often get their first jobs as unskilled labour roles (‘McJobs’)- act like robots, no need to question authority

Sociology- Culture, socialisation, identity (13 decks)

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