Athens at war in the 5th century 4.2 Flashcards
(14 cards)
What were the Persian Wars?
A series of conflicts (490–479 BCE) between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, sparked by Persian attempts to expand into Greece.
What happened at the Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)?
The Athenians, led by Miltiades, defeated the Persians despite being outnumbered. It was a major morale boost for Athens.
Who was Themistocles and why was he important?
An Athenian general and politician who persuaded Athens to build a strong navy, crucial for victory at the Battle of Salamis.
What was the Battle of Salamis (480 BCE)?
A decisive naval battle in which the Greek fleet, led by Themistocles, defeated the Persians, turning the tide of the war.
What was the Delian League?
An alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens, formed after the Persian Wars to defend against further Persian attacks.
How did Athens turn the Delian League into an empire?
Athens moved the League’s treasury to Athens and used League funds to build the Parthenon and maintain its navy, exerting control over other members.
What caused tension between Athens and Sparta?
Athens’ growing power and empire threatened Sparta and its allies, leading to rivalry and eventually the Peloponnesian War.
When was the Peloponnesian War?
From 431–404 BCE, between Athens and its empire vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League.
What was Pericles’ strategy during the Peloponnesian War?
To avoid land battles with Sparta, retreat behind the city walls, and use the navy to supply the city and attack coastal areas.
What was the Plague of Athens?
A deadly plague that struck Athens in 430 BCE during the war, killing a large part of the population, including Pericles.
What was the Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE)?
A disastrous military campaign where Athens tried to conquer Sicily; the entire expedition ended in failure and heavy losses.
How did the Peloponnesian War end?
In 404 BCE, Athens surrendered after Sparta, with help from Persia, built a navy and defeated Athens at Aegospotami. The Long Walls were torn down.
What were the consequences of Athens’ defeat?
Loss of empire and naval power, installation of a pro-Spartan oligarchy (the Thirty Tyrants), and a brief period of instability.
Who were the Thirty Tyrants?
A Spartan-backed oligarchy installed in Athens after the war, known for its brutality and repression. Overthrown in 403 BCE.
