The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Combining form: stomat/o
A
mouth
2
Q
Combining form: dent/o, odont/o
A
teeth
3
Q
Combining form: gloss/o, lingu/o
A
tongue
4
Q
Combining form: cheil/o
A
lips
5
Q
Combining form: gingiv/o
A
gums
6
Q
Combining form: esophag/o
A
esophagus
7
Q
Combining form: pharyng/o
A
pharynx
8
Q
Combining form: gastr/o
A
stomach
9
Q
Combining form: enter/o
A
intestine
10
Q
Combining form: duoden/o
A
duodenum
11
Q
Combining form: jejun/o
A
jejunum
12
Q
Combining form: ile/o
A
ileum
13
Q
Combining form: colon/o
A
colon
14
Q
Combining form: sigmoid/o
A
sigmoid colon
15
Q
Combining form: rect/o
A
rectum
16
Q
Combining form: proct/o
A
anus and rectum
17
Q
Combining form: hepat/o
A
liver
18
Q
Combining form: cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
19
Q
Combining form: chole
A
gall
20
Q
Combining form: cyst/o
A
bladder
21
Q
Combining form: pancreat/o
A
pancreas
22
Q
Combining form: saliv/o
A
salivary glands
23
Q
Define: digestion
A
the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells
24
Q
Define: absorption
A
the passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream
25
Define: elimination
the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation
26
Define: alimentary canal
digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract
27
Describe the path of food through the digestive tract
Food enter the mouth, passes through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, then into the small intestine and large intestine, or bowels, and then into the anal canal
28
Define: mastication
swallowing
29
Define: frenulum
mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
30
Define: lingual tonsils
two rounded mounds of lymphatic tissue at the back of the tongue that play an important role in the immune system
31
Define: hard palate
the hard anterior part of the roof of the mouth with irregular ridges of mucous membrane
32
Define: rugae
irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the roof of the mouth
33
Define: soft palate
the soft posterior part of the roof of the mouth
34
Define: uvula
a downward cone-shaped projection located at the back of the soft palate
35
Define: salivary glands
three sets of glands surrounding the oral cavity that secrete saliva
36
Define: saliva
a fluid containing enzymes that aid in breaking down food
37
Define: amylase
an enzyme in saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates
38
Define: reflux
backflow
39
Define: emesis or regurgitation
vomiting
40
Define: pepsin
an enzyme in the gastric juices that begins protein digestion
41
Define: chyme
a semifluid mass created by the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice
42
What is the cardiac region?
The first region of the stomach that is closest to the heart
43
What is the fundus region?
The upper, rounded region of the stomach,
44
What is the body region?
the middle portion of the stomach
45
What is the pylorus region?
The narrowed bottom part of the stomach
46
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
47
Define: duodenum
part of the small intestine, only about 10 inches long that mixes bile with chyme to aid in fat digestion
48
Define: jejunum
part of the small intestine that is 8 feet long
49
Define: ileum
Part of the small intestine that connects the small intestine to the large intestine
50
Define: mesentery
a membranous tissue that attaches both the small intestine and large intestine to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen
51
How long is the small intestine?
About 20 feet long
52
What are the four parts of the large intestine?
The cecum, the colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum
53
Define: cecum
part of the large intestine - a pouch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine
54
Define: colon
part of the large intestine that further divides into three parts: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon
55
Define: sigmoid colon
An s-shaped body in the large intestine that geos across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum
56
What is a liver?
an important digestive organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
57
What is bile?
A yellowish-brown fluid secreted by the liver that helps break down fats
58
What is bilirubin?
a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum
59
What is a gallbladder?
An organ that is involved in the production, storage, and transportation of bile
60
What is emulsification?
the breaking down of fats
61
What is the pancreas?
a 5-6 inch long organ that secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine
62
What is lipase?
a digestive enzyme
63
Define: anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
64
Define: appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
65
Define: biliverdin
green bile pigment
66
Define: buccogingival
pertains to checks and gums
67
Define: cecopexy
surgical repair or fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility
68
Define: celioma
a tumor in the abdomen
69
Define: choleic
pertaining to bile
70
Define: cholangiogram
an x-ray image of the bile vessels
71
Define: cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
72
Define: choledochotomy
an incision into the common bile duct
73
Define: colectomy
removal of part or all of the colon
74
Define: duodenitis
inflammation of the duodenum
75
Define: enteropathy
any intestinal disease
76
Define: esophagoscopy
examination of the interior of the esophagus
77
Define: gastralgia
stomach ache
78
Define: glossopharyngeal
relates to the tongue and pharynx
79
Define: glucogenesis
the formation of glucose
80
Define: glycosuria
abnormal excretion of carbohydrates in urine
81
Define: glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
82
Define: hepatitis
liver disease or inflammation of the liver
83
Define: ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
84
Define: jejunostomy
surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum
85
Define: labioplasty
surgical repair of the lips
86
Define: linguodental
pertaining to the tongue and the teeth
87
Define: orofacial
pertains to the mouth and the face
88
Define: pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
89
Define: peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
90
Define: pharyngotonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils and the pharynx
91
Define: proctologist
a specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum
92
Define: pylorospasm
involuntary contraction of the pylorus
93
Define: rectoabdominal
relates to the rectum and abdomen
94
Define: sialism
excessive secretion of saliva
95
Define: sialadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
96
Define: sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
97
Define: steatorrhea
greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces
98
Define: stomatitis
inflammation of the lining of the mouth
99
What is an esophagoscopy?
the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus
100
What is a gastroscopy?
examination of the stomach using a gastroscope
101
What is a colonoscopy?
An examination of the colon using an endoscope
102
What is a proctoscopy?
an examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope
103
What is a sigmoidoscopy?
an examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope
104
What is a peritoneoscopy?
examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope
105
What is cholangiograpy?
an x-ray of the bile ducts
106
What is cholecystography?
an x-ray of the gallbladder after the patient swallows iodine
107
Define: anorexia nervosa
severe form of anorexia where someone refuses to eat because the person wishes to be dangerously thin
108
Define: bulimia
a disease wherein bingeing on food and then purposely purging or vomiting is also a quest for abnormal weight loss
109
Define: cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
110
Define: glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
111
Define: sialoadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
112
Define: parotitis or parotiditis
inflammation of the parotid glands
113
Define: halitosis
unusually foul mouth odor
114
Define: ankyloglossia
a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth
115
Define: aphagia
an inability to swallow
116
Define: dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
117
Define: esophagitis
any inflammation of the esophagus
118
Define: achalasia
the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily from the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process
119
Define: achlorhydria
the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
120
Define: dyspepsia
difficulty in digesting food
121
Define: gastritis
any stomach inflammation
122
Define: gastroenteritis
an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine
123
Define: flatulence
an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines
124
Define: eructation
release of stomach gas through the mouth
125
Define: nausea
sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food
126
Define: hematemesis
the vomiting of blood from the stomach
127
Define: peptic ulcer
a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system
128
Define: hiatal hernia
a protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm
129
Define: jaundice or icterus
when excessive bilirubin in the blood causes a yellow discoloration of the skin
130
Define: hyperbilirubinemia
excessive bilirubin in the blood
131
Define: hepatomegaly
an enlarged liver
132
Define: hepatopathy
a general term for liver disease
133
Define: hepatitis
the term for several types of contagious diseases, some of which are sexually transmitted
134
Define: cirrhosis
chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition
135
Define: pancreatitis
an inflammation of the pancreas
136
Define: gallstones or cholelithiasis
calculi that block the bile from leaving the gallbladder
137
Define: cholangitis
any inflammation of the bile ducts
138
Define: cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
139
Define: duodenal ulcers
a type of peptic ulcer that are thought to be bacterial
140
Define: appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, which usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting
141
Define: ileus
intestinal blockage
142
Define: enteritis or colitis
general terms for inflammation of the small intestine
143
Define: ulcerative colitis
a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease with recurring ulcers and inflammation
144
Define: Crohn disease
another type of inflammatory bowel disease with symptoms similar to ulcerative colitis but lacking ulcers and sometimes having fistulas
145
Define: fistulas
abnormal passages or openings in tissue walls
146
Define: colic
a condition of gastrointestinal distress due to allergies, an underdeveloped digestive tract or other conditions
147
Define: diverticulosis
a condition in which small pouches in the intestinal wall trap food and bacteria
148
Define: diverticula
small pouched in the intestinal wall
149
Define: diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
150
Define: ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
151
Define: dysentery
general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other symptoms
152
Define: polyposis
general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract
153
Define: volvulus
an intestinal blockage caused by twisting of the intestine
154
Define: intussusception
is the telescoping of the intestine
155
Define: ascites
a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become filled with fluid
156
Define: peritonitis
a condition where the abdominal and peritoneal regions surrounding the intestinal tract can become inflamed
157
Define: proctitis
inflammation of the rectum and the anus
158
Define: constipation
a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements
159
Define: diarrhea
loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of an internal disorder
160
Define: flatus
release of gas through the anus
161
Define: melena
a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as a black, tarry mass
162
Define: hematochezia
bright red blood in the stool
163
Define: steatorrhea
fat in the stool
164
Define: anal fistula
a small opening in the anal canal
165
Define: hemorroids
swollen, twisted veins on the anus that can cause greats discomfort
166
What is abdominocentesis or paracentesis?
a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity
167
What is a cholelithotomy?
an incision for the removal of stones
168
What is a choledocholithotomy?
an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct
169
What is a cholelithotripsy?
the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques
170
What is a glossorrhaphy?
tongue suturing
171
What is an esophagoplasty?
esophagus repair
172
What is a proctoplasty?
repair of the rectum and anus
173
What is a glossectomy?
removal of the tongue
174
What is a polypectomy?
the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon
175
What is an appendectomy?
the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing
176
What is a cholecystectomy?
the removal of the gallbladder
177
What is a diverticulectomy?
removal of the diverticula
178
What is a gastrectomy?
the removal of some or all of the stomach
179
What is a gastric resection or gastric bypass?
a procedure that removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity
180
What is a colectomy?
the removal of some or all of the colon
181
What is a pancreatectomy?
a removal of the pancreas
182
What is a hemorrhoidectomy?
the removal of hemorrhoids
183
What is a hepatic lobectomy?
a removal of one or more lobes of the liver
184
What is a liver biopsy?
a procedure to determine the extent of a diseased liver
185
What is a anal fistulectomy?
the removal of an anal fistula
186
What are Billroth 1 and Billroth 2?
Two types of operations; the first being the excision of the pylorus and the second being the resectioning of the pylorus with the stomach
187
What is anastomosis?
A surgical union of two hollow tubes that is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of a section of the intestines
188
What is an ileostomy?
the creation of an opening in the abdomen that is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body
189
What is a colostomy?
an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exit the body other than through the anus
190
What are antacids?
A drug that neutralizes stomach acid
191
What are antiemetics?
A drug that prevents vomiting
192
What are antipasmodics?
A drug that relieves spasms in the gastrointestinal tract
193
What are laxatives?
A drug that stimulates the movement of bowels
194
What are cathertics?
a drug that induces vomiting
195
What are antidiarrheals?
A drug that helps to control loose, watery stools
196
Abbreviations: ALT
alanine aminotransferase
197
Abbreviations: AST
aspartate aminotransferase
198
Abbreviations: BM
bowel movement
199
Abbreviations: BMI
body mass index
200
Abbreviations: EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
201
Abbreviations: GB
gallbladder
202
Abbreviations: GI
gastrointestinal
203
Abbreviations: HAV
hepatitis A
204
Abbreviations: HBV
hepatitis b
205
Abbreviations: HCV
hepatitis c
206
Abbreviations: HDV
hepatitis d
207
Abbreviations: HEV
hepatitis e
208
Abbreviations: IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
209
Abbreviations: IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
210
Abbreviations: LFT
liver function test
211
Abbreviations: NG
nasogastric
212
Abbreviations: PUD
peptic ulcer disease
213
Abbreviations: SGOT
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
214
Abbreviations: SGPT
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
215
Abbreviations: TPN
total parental nutrition
216
Abbreviations: UGI
upper gastrointestinal
