Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the endocrine system.
A
A group of glands that act as the body’s master regulator. It helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating the production of chemicals that affect most functions in the body.
2
Q
Hormones related to: hypothalamus
A
pituitary-regulating hormones
3
Q
Hormones related to: neurohypophysis (pituitary gland - posterior)
A
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin
- oxytocin
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
4
Q
Hormones related to: adenohypophysis (pituitary gland - anterior)
A
- growth hormone (GH), somatotrophic hormone
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin
5
Q
Hormones related to: thyroid
A
- thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
- calcitonin
6
Q
Hormones related to: parathyroid
A
parathormone, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
7
Q
Hormones related to: adrenal medulla
A
epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
8
Q
Hormones related to: adrenal cortex
A
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
9
Q
Hormones related to: pancreas
A
insulin, glucagons
10
Q
Hormones related to: pineal gland
A
melatonin
11
Q
Hormones related to: ovaries
A
estrogen, progesterone
12
Q
Hormones related to: testes
A
androgen, testosterone
13
Q
Hormones related to: thymus gland
A
thymosin, thymic humoral factor (THF), factor thymic serum (FTS)
14
Q
Function of: hypothalamus
A
either stimulates or inhibits pituitary secretions
15
Q
Function of: neurohypophysis (pituitary gland - posterior)
A
- increases water reabsorption
- stimulates uterine contractions and lactation
- stimulates the production of melanin
16
Q
Function of: adenohypohysis (pituitary gland - anterior)
A
- stimulates bone and muscle growth
- stimulates thyroid gland to secrete hormones
- stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
- stimulates development of ova and production of female hormones
- stimulates breast development and milk production
17
Q
Function of: thyroid
A
- regulates metabolism, stimulates growth
- lowers blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
18
Q
Function of: parathyroid
A
increases blood calcium as necessary to maintain homeostasis
19
Q
Function of: adrenal medulla
A
works with the sympathetic nervous system to react to stress
20
Q
Function of: adrenal cortex
A
affects metabolism and growth; aids in electrolyte and fluid balances
21
Q
Function of: pancreas
A
maintains homeostasis in blood glucose concentration
22
Q
Function of: pineal gland
A
affects sexual functions and wake-sleep cycles
23
Q
Function of: ovaries
A
promotes development of female sex characteristics, menstrual cycle, reproductive functions
24
Q
Function of: testes
A
promotes development of male sex characteristics, sperm production
25
Function of: thymus gland
aids in development of T cells and some B cells; function not well understood
26
Combining form: aden/o
gland
27
Combining form: adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal glands
28
Combining form: gluc/o
glucose
29
Combining form: glyc/o
glycogen
30
Combining form: gonad/o
sex glands
31
Combining form: pancreat/o
pancreas
32
Combining form: parathyroid/o
parathyroid
33
Combining form: thyr/o, thryroid/o
thyroid gland
34
Describe: glands
tissues that secrete hormones
35
Describe: hormones
specialized chemicals
36
Describe: target cells
cells that have receptors
37
Describe: exocrine glands
secrete substances into ducts directed toward a specific location
38
Describe: endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
39
Tell me about: hypothalamus
part of the nervous system that serves as an endocrine gland
40
Tell me about: releasing factor
allowing the secretion of hormones to take place
41
Tell me about: inhibiting factor
preventing the secretion of other hormones
42
Tell me about: pineal gland
Located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland and releases melatonin
43
Tell me about: melatonin
A hormone that is believed to affect sleep and the functioning of the gonads
44
Tell me about: pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain. Consists of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
45
Tell me about: thyroid gland
Consists of a left lobe and a right lobe that sit on either side of the trachea.
46
Tell me about: isthmus
A narrow strip of tissue on the ventral surface of the trachea that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland
47
Tell me about: metabolism
The chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated)
48
Tell me about: parathyroid glands
Four oval-shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid. Helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels
49
Tell me about: thymus gland
Endocrine gland but also part of the immune system
50
Tell me about: adrenal glands
A pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Regular electrolytes in the body.
51
Tell me about: pancreas
Helps maintain proper levels of glucose. Secrets insulin and glucagon.
52
Tell me about: ovaries
In the female pelvic region, one on top of each fallopian tube. Produce the immature egg cell
53
Tell me about: testes
Located in the scrotum and produce spermatozoa
54
What is: pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas
55
What is: glycolysis?
Conversion of glycogen to glucose
56
What is: adenopathy?
Glandular or lymph node disease
57
What is: gonadotropin?
Hormone that aids in growth of gonads
58
What is: glucogensis?
Production of glucose
59
What is: adrenomegaly?
Enlargement of the adrenal gland
60
What is: thyrotoxic?
Having excessive amounts of thyroid hormones
61
What is: parathyroidectomy?
Excision of the parathyroid glands
62
What is: a fasting blood sugar test?
A blood sugar test after 12 hours of fasting
63
What is: radioactive immunoassay?
A test that uses radioactive iodine to locate various substances in the plasma
64
What is: thyroid function test or study?
Blood test that measures the various hormones secreted by the thyroid
65
What is: radioactive iodine uptake?
Measure of how quickly the thyroid gland absorbs ingested iodine.
66
What is: thyroid scan?
Test for cancer or other abnormalities using radionuclide imaging
67
Define: hypersecretion?
Oversecretion of one or more hormone
68
Define: hyposecretion
Under secretion of one or more hormones
69
Define: acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty
70
Define: gigantism
Abnormal growth, even up to 8 feet
71
Define: dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormones resulting in stunted growth
72
Define: diabetes insipidus
A disease with excessive amounts of water excreted in the urine and excessive and constant thirst
73
Define: polyuria
excessive amount of water excreted in the urine
74
Define: polydipsia
excessive thirst
75
Define: Symptom of inappropriate ADH
Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormones which results in excessive water retention
76
Define: hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid gland causing increased metabolic rate, weight loss, insomnia, and sweating
77
Define: exophthalmos
Bulging of the eyes
78
Define: goiter
Caused by hypersecretion of the thyroid gland causing the gland to expand and create a massive growth in the neck
79
Define: hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid gland, causing sluggishness and slow metabolism, often resulting in obesity.
80
Define: myxedema
Specific type of hypothyroidism in adults with a range of symptoms including puffiness of the extremities, slow muscular response, and excessively dry skin
81
Define: hyperparathyroidism
Overactivity of the parathyroid glands. Usually caused by a tumour in the parathyroid gland and often results in many clinical symptoms, from bone loss to severe cases of kidney failure
82
Define: hypoparathyroidism
Underactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in low blood calcium levels, causing symptoms such as bone loss and some muscle paralysis
83
Define: tetany
Muscle paralysis
84
Define: hyperadrenalism
Overactive adrenal gland usually caused by an adrenal tumour
85
Define: hirsutism
Abnormal hair growth
86
Define: virilism
A condition with excessive androgen secretion resulting in mature masculine features in children
87
Define: Cushing syndrome
Administration of steroids to keep the overactivity in balance
88
Define: Addison disease
Another name for hypoadrenalism. May result in anemia, abnormal skin pigment, and general malaise.
89
What is: pancreatits?
Inflammation of the pancreas
90
What is: hypoglycemia?
A lowering of blood sugar that deprives the body of needed glucose
91
What is: diabetes mellitus?
A widespread disease caused by the hyposecretion of insulin
92
What is: diabetic nephropathy?
Kidney disease resulting from serious diabetes
93
What is: diabetic neuropathy?
Loss of sensation to extremities
94
What is: diabetic retinopathy?
Gradual vision loss leading to blindness
95
What is: acidosis, ketoacidosis, and ketosis?
Abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine
96
What is: adenectomy?
Removal of any gland.
97
What is: adrenalectomy?
Removal of the adrenal gland.
98
What is: hypophysectomy?
Removal of the pituitary gland.
99
What is: pancreatectomy?
Removal of the pancreas
100
What is: patathyroidectomy?
Removal of the parathyroid gland
101
What is: thymectomy?
Removal of the thymus gland
102
What is: thyroidectomy?
Removal of the thyroid
103
What is: hormone replacement therapy?
Hormone deficiencies treated by synthetic thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone.
104
What is: antihypoglycemic?
Raises blood sugar
105
What is: antihyperglycemic?
Lowers blood sugar
106
What is: radioactive iodine therapy?
Chemotherpy/radiation
