The Digestive System Flashcards
(302 cards)
1
Q
mouth; preparation of food for digestion
A
or/o
2
Q
pharynx; transports food from the mouth to the esophagus
A
pharyng/o
3
Q
esophagus; transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
A
esaphag/o
4
Q
stomach; breaks down food and mixes it with gastric acid
A
gastr/o
5
Q
small intestine; mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients
A
enter/o
6
Q
large intestine; absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination
A
col/o, colon/o
7
Q
rectum and anus; control the excretion of solid waste
A
ant/o, proct/o, rect/o
8
Q
liver; secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
A
hepat/o
9
Q
gallbladder; stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed
A
cholecyst/o
10
Q
pancreas; secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed
A
pancreat/o
11
Q
anus, ring
A
an/o
12
Q
bile, gall
A
chol/e
13
Q
vomiting
A
-emesis
14
Q
presence of stones
A
-lithiasis
15
Q
digest, digestion
A
-pepsia
16
Q
eating, swallowing
A
-phagia
17
Q
rectum, straight
A
rect/o
18
Q
sigmoid colon
A
sigmoid/o
19
Q
(GI tract) what the digestive tract consists primarily of; work in cooperation with accessory organs
A
gastrointestinal tract
20
Q
consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach; transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach
A
upper gastrointestinal tract
21
Q
(bowels) made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus; here digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body
A
lower gastrointestinal tract
22
Q
(mouth) the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and peridontium
A
oral cavity
23
Q
(labia) surround the opening to the oral cavity
A
lips
24
Q
forms the roof of the mouth
A
palate
25
anterior portion of the palate, covered with specialized mucous membrane
hard palate
26
irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane
rugae
27
the flexible posterior portion of the palate; during swallowing, it has the important role of closing of the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
soft palate
28
hangs from the free edge of the soft palate; during swallowing, it also moves upward; plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of speech sounds
uvula
29
very strong, flexible, and muscular; structure makes it important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing
tongue
30
upper surface of the tongue
dorsum
31
small bumps on the tongue, contain taste buds
papillae
32
sensory receptors for the sense of taste
taste buds
33
under the tongue
sublingual
34
many blood vessels
highly vascular
35
a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth; limits the motion of the tongue
lingual frenum
36
describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth
peridontium
37
(masticatory mucosa or gums) the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth
gingiva
38
an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva
sulcus
39
the bony structures of the oral cavity; hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
dental arches
40
known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull; does not move
maxillary arch
41
known as the lower jaw; is a separate bone and is the only moveable component of the joint
mandibular arch
42
(TMJ) formed at the back of the mouth where the maxilarry and mandibular arches come together
temporomandibular joint
43
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
dentition
44
(cuspids) used for biting and tearing
incisors and canines
45
(bicuspids) used for chewing and grinding
premolars and molars
46
baby teeth
deciduous dentition
47
describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
occlusion
48
the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth
crown
49
the hardest substance in the body
enamel
50
hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch
roots
51
protects the roots; hard but not as strong as enamel
cementum
52
"neck of the tooth"; where the crown and root meet
cervix
53
makes up the bulk of the tooth
dentin
54
the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth
pulp cavity
55
consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth
pulp
56
a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth; helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing
saliva
57
digestive enzyme contains in saliva; the first step in chemical digestion
amylase
58
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
salivary glands
59
located on the face, slightly in the front of ear; ducts are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars
parotid glands
60
ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
sublingual glands
61
ducts are located on the floor of the moth near the mandible
submandibular gland
62
the common passageway for respiration and digestion
pharynx
63
swallowing
deglutition
64
lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
epiglottis
65
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
66
(cardiac sphincter) a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach; during swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
67
a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, and antrum
stomach
68
upper, rounded part of the stomach
fundus
69
main portion of the stomach
body
70
lower part of the stomach
antrum
71
the folds of the mucosa lining of the stomach, allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size; glands located within these folds produce gastric juices
rugae
72
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion
gastric juices
73
the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
74
extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine; up to 20 feet in length and consists of 3 sections where food id digested and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
small intestine
75
the first portion of the small intestine; extends form the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum
duodenum
76
the middle portion of the small intestine; extends from the duodenum to the ileum
jejunum
77
the last and longest portion of the small intestine; extends form the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
ileum
78
extends from the ileum to the anus; here, the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus
large intestine
79
a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen; extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon
cecum
80
the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum to the cecum
ileocecal sphincter
81
(appendix) hangs from the lower portion of the cecum
veriform appendix
82
worm-like shape
veriform
83
travels upward for the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
ascending colon
84
passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
transverse colon
85
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
descending colon
86
S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum belo
sigmoid colon
87
the widest division of the large intestine
rectum
88
the lower opening of the digestive tract
anus
89
refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit
anorectal
90
play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract
accessory organs
91
the largest organ in the body; has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs
liver
92
pertaining to the liver
hepatic
93
a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles
glycogen
94
a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color; excessive amounts in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases
bilirubin
95
a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat; travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored
bile
96
provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
biliary tree
97
a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver; stores and concentrates bile for later use
gallbladder
98
pertaining to the gallbladder
cholecystic
99
soft, 6-inch-long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach
pancreas
100
pertaining the the pacreas
pancreatic
101
the process by which complex foods are broken into nutrients in a form the body can use
digestion
102
responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
digestive enzymes
103
a substance, usually form food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
nutrient
104
includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients; 2 parts
metabolism
105
the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
anabolism
106
the breaking down of body cells and substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
catabolism
107
the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
absorption
108
finger-like projections
villi
109
specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream
lacteals
110
(chewing) break down food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
mastication
111
a mass of food that had been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
bolus
112
a series of wave-like contractions of the the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
peristalsis
113
the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
chyme
114
in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile, the bile breaks apart globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats; must be completed before the nutrients can be absorbed into the body
emulsification
115
(solid body waste) expelled through the rectum and anus
feces
116
(bowel movement, BM) the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
defecation
117
refers to the billions of normal bacteria present to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
gut microflora
118
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
borborygmus
119
(flatus) the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
flatulance
120
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
bariatrics
121
holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
dentist
122
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterologist
123
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
124
a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
orthodontist
125
a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
periodontist
126
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
proctologist
127
(RD) a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
registered dietician
128
(canker sores, mouth ulcers) gray-white pits with a red boarder in the soft tissues lining the mouth
aphthous ulcers
129
an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
ulcer
130
(cheilitis) a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth
cheilosis
131
(cold sores, fever blisters) blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
herpes labialis
132
an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek
leukoplakia
133
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
stomatitis
134
any disease of the mouth due to a fungus
stomatomycosis
135
a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control; creamy white lesions on the tongue and inner cheeks
oral thrush
136
describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer; causes difficulty in speaking and affects the patient's nutrition due to impaired ability to chew and swallow
trimus
137
(dry mouth) the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands
xerostomia
138
(harelip) a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
cleft lip
139
the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
cleft palate
140
the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
bruxism
141
(tooth decay, cavity) an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
dental caries
142
a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth; consists of bacteria and bacterial byproducts
dental plaque
143
without teeth
edentulous
144
(bad breath) an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
halitosis
145
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
malocclusion
146
(periodontitis) inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
periodontal disease
147
(tartar) dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth; these deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases
dental calculus
148
used to describe hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of the body
calculus
149
the earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums
gingivitis
150
(ANUG, trench mouth) caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth, as this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
151
causing ongoing tissue death
necrotizing
152
difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
153
(EoE) a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called eosinophils builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods
eosinophilic esophagitis
154
(GERD) the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; when this occurs, the stomach acid irritates and damages the delicate lining of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease
155
a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure; slightly increases the risk of esophageal cancer (can develop from chronic GERD)
Barrett's esophagus
156
abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage; in the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties
stricture
157
(heartburn) the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
pyrosis
158
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus; severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures
esophageal varices
159
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm; can cause GERD and pyrosis
hiatal hernia
160
the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it
hernia
161
a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
gastritis
162
an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
163
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down or work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach fro emptying normally
gastroparesis
164
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
gastrorrhea
165
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes
peptic ulcers
166
peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach
gastric ulcers
167
peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine
duodenal ulcers
168
a complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
perforating ulcer
169
the loss of apatite for food, especially when caused by disease
anorexia
170
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS, although these patients might be eating enough food, their bodies are unable to absorb enough nutrients
cachexia
171
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
dehydration
172
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
malnutrition
173
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
malabsorption
174
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
obesity
175
refers to individuals who are more than 20% to 30% over the established weight standards for their age, height, and gender
obese
176
(severe obesity) the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40
morbidly obese
177
(BMI) a number that shows body weight adjusted for height
body mass index
178
describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
comorbidity
179
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking as is a common cause of gas in the stomach
aerophagia
180
(indigestion) pain or discomfort in digestion
dyspepsia
181
(vomiting) the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward toward through the mouth
emesis
182
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
eructation
183
the vomiting of blood; often resembles coffee grounds
hematemesis
184
(morning sickness) extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
hyperemesis
185
the urge to vomit
nausea
186
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
regurgitation
187
a hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten, damages the villi of the small intestine and can cause malabsorption
Celiac disease
188
(non-celiac gluten sensitivity) a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease
gluten intolerance
189
an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
food allergy
190
the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar found in milk and some other dairy products
lactose intolerance
191
(colon cancer) often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
colorectal carcinoma
192
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all polyps are malignant
polyp
193
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon; believed to be related to a low-fiber diet
diverticulosis
194
a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
diverticulum
195
the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon; symptoms include sudden abdominal pain, cramping, and nausea
diverticulitis
196
an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
enteritis
197
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood
ischemic cholitis
198
the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis of this area of the intestine; symptoms include severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting. and the inability to pass gas or stools (paralytic ileus)
ileus
199
a temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery
postoperative ileus
200
(IBS) a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea; usually aggravated by stress and by eating certain foods, is not believed to be caused by pathogens
irritable bowel syndrome
201
(IBD) the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease
202
a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
ulcerative colitis
203
(CD) a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
Crohn's disease
204
the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
intestinal obstruction
205
abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that should be separate
intestinal adhesion
206
the blood flow of a segment of the intestine is blocked; can lead to gangrene or perforation
strangulating obstruction
207
tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation
gangrene
208
a hole through the wall of a structure
perforation
209
the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction; can cause necrosis
volvulus
210
the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
intussusception
211
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
inguinal hernia
212
when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
strangulated hernia
213
(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria
clostridium difficile
214
(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria
clostridium difficile
214
(c. diff) a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria
clostridium difficile
215
bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
dysentery
216
caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
E. coli
217
(salmonella) transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
salmonellosis
218
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
anal fissure
219
the inability to control the excretion of feces
bowel incontinence
220
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week; stools are usually dry, hard, small in size, and difficult to eliminate; can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, a side effect of certain drugs, and (especially in women) pelvic floor dysfunction
constipation
221
the lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten and the anal sphincter to relax
pelvic floor dysfunction
222
an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
diarrhea
223
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening; these veins become inflamed, resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding
hemorrhoids
224
a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
rectocele
225
the presence of bright red blood in the stool; color usually indicated that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
hematochezia
226
the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools; this appearance of the stools is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicated bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
melena
227
the presence of excess fat in the stool; caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders
steatorrhea
228
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity; usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure in the liver's blood vessels
ascites
229
the abnormal enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
230
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes; caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
231
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
hepatitis
232
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring often caused by excessive alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis B or C
cirrhosis
233
(NAFLD) describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little to no alcohol; often in individuals who are obese, have type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
234
(NASH) more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
235
an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice; commonly caused by a bacterial infection
cholangitis
236
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
cholecystitis
237
(cholelith) a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components
gallstone
238
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
cholelithiasis
239
pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct
biliary colic
240
(CT) a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing , for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction
abdominal computed tomography
241
a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using a very high-frequency sound waves
abdominal ultrasound
242
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium; used to identify obstructions in the liver or bile ducts that slow or block the flow of bile from the liver
cholangiography
243
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity; sometimes part of the preparation for an endoscopic examination; however, they are also used to treat severe constipation and as means of injecting medicine into the body
enema
244
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
245
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system; a contrast medium is required to make these structures visible
upper/lower GI series
246
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics
stool samples
247
ova (parasite eggs) and parasites
O&P
248
an instrument used for an endoscopy, a visual examination of internal structure
endoscope
249
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
anoscopy
250
the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
capsule endoscopy
251
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope
colonoscopy
252
a small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- or three-dimensional images of the colon
virtual colonoscopy
253
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon
sigmoidoscopy
254
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemical called free radicals; naturally resent in fruits, beans, berries, nuts, and dark chocolate
antioxidants
255
living microorganisms sometimes describes as "good" bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
probiotics
256
non-digestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on; foods such as yogurt, some dairy drinks, and supplements contain both probiotics and prebiotics
prebiotics
257
neutralize the acids in the stomach, taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
antacids
258
decreade the amount of acid produced by the stomach; used to treat the symptoms of GERD
proton pump inhibitors
259
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
antiemitic
260
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
laxatives
261
treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft as it moves through the intestines
bulk-forming laxatives
262
among the over-the-counter medications used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach
antimobility drugs/antacids
263
(IV) administered to combat the effects of dehydration
intravenous fluids
264
(ORT) a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in children
oral rehydration therapy
265
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calcus
dental prophylaxis
266
refers to a treatment intended to prevent disease or stop it from spreading
prophylaxis
267
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw
dental implant
268
a metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure
crown
269
a fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth
bridge
270
a plate holding one or more teeth replacement
denture
271
refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root is removed in order to save the tooth; after it is free from infection, the cavity is filled with a protective substance and sealed
root canal
272
the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
gingivectomy
273
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
maxillofacial surgery
274
surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip
palatoplasty
275
the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
gastrectomy
276
(NG tube) the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach
nasogastric intubation
277
(G-tube) a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach, permanently to provide nutrition for patients who cannot swallow or take sufficient nutrients by mouth
gastrostomy tube
278
(TPN) administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating; patients nutritional requirements are met through a specialized solution administered intravenously
total parenteral nutrition
279
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
bariatric surgery
280
(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) makes the stomach smaller by stapling a section to create a small pouch and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine; not reversible
gastric bypass surgery
281
(LAGB) procedure involves placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter; is reversible
lap-band adjustable gastric banding
282
the stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube, reducing its capacity significantly
endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
283
the surgical removal of all or one part of the colon
colectomy
284
the surgical incision into the colon
colotomy
285
the surgical removal of a diverticulum
diverticulectomy
286
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and duodenum; performed to treat stomach cancer or to remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve
gastroduodenostomy
287
a surgical connection between two hollow, tubular structures
anastomosis
288
the surgical removal of the ileum
ileectomy
289
(stoma) a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface
ostomy
290
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the outside of the abdominal wall
ileostomy
291
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface; the segment of the intestine below the ostomy is usually removed, and the fecal matter flows through the stoma into a disposable bag, can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal
colostomy
292
the surgical removal of hemorrhoids
hemorrhoidectomy
293
rubber bands cut off the circulation at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to fall off
rubber band ligation
294
the tying off of blood vessels or ducts
ligation
295
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
proctopexy
296
the surgical removal of all or part of the liver
hepatectomy
297
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
liver transplant
298
because liver tissue regenerates, a piece of liver can be adequate to transplant
partial liver transplant
299
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
choledocholithotomy
300
the surgical removal of he gallbladder
cholecystectomy
301
(lap chole) the surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted through 3 or 4 small incisions in the abdominal wall
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
