The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
lymph; the fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues
A
lymph/o
2
Q
lymphatic vessels and ducts; the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous system
A
lymphangi/o
3
Q
lymph nodes; bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system
A
lymphaden/o
4
Q
tonsils and adenoids; lymphatic structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system
A
tonsill/o, adenoid/o
5
Q
spleen; a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems
A
splen/o
6
Q
bone marrow; produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells)
A
myel/o
7
Q
lymphocytes; specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions
A
lymphocyt/o
8
Q
thymus; a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems
A
thym/o
9
Q
against
A
anti-
10
Q
cancerous
A
carcin/o
11
Q
immune, protection, safe
A
immun/o
12
Q
new, strange
A
neo-, ne/o
13
Q
tumor
A
-oma, onco-
14
Q
eat, swallow
A
phag/o
15
Q
formative material
A
-plasm
16
Q
flesh, connective tissue
A
sarc/o
17
Q
pertaining to
A
-tic
18
Q
poison, poisonous
A
tox/o
19
Q
small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine
A
villi
20
Q
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
A
lacteals
21
Q
(intercellular fluid or tissue fluid) plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues
A
interstitial fluid
22
Q
the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid; clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins
A
lymph
23
Q
microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
A
lymphatic capillaries
24
Q
located deeper within the tissues; valves prevent backward flow of lymph
A
lymphatic vessels
25
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian
right lymphatic duct
26
largest lymphatic vessel in the body; collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant, the left arm, and the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs; empties into the left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
27
the proximal part of the main part of the arm
subclavian vein
28
located along the sides of the neck
cervical lymph nodes
29
neck
cervic
30
located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
axillary lymph nodes
31
armpit
axill
32
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
inguinal lymph nodes
33
(lymphoid cells) leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; work together with the body's organs to defend the body against antigens
lymphocytes
34
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
antigen
35
the process of becoming mature
maturation
36
to be modified to perform a specific function
differentiation
37
(NK cells) play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
natural killer cells
38
(B lymphocytes) specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies; when it confronts with the antigen that it is coded to destroy, it becomes a plasma cell
B cells
39
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
plasma cells
40
(T lymphocytes) get their name from their origin in the thymus; play a central role in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
41
a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells
cytokines
42
(INFs) produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses
interferons
43
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
interleukins
44
pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue
lymphoid
45
three masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat; prevents pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth
tonsils
46
(nasopharyngeal tonsils) located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx
adenoids
47
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
palatine tonsils
48
describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
palatine
49
located at the base of the tongue; not readily visible
lingual tonsils
50
pertaining the tongue
lingual
51
a mass of lymphatic tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age
thymus
52
(appendix) hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine; may play an important role in the immune system
veriform apendix
53
a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach
spleen
54
function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
hemolytic
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disease-producing microorganisms
pathogens
56
substances that produce allergic reactions
allergens
57
poisonous or harmful substances
toxins
58
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
malignant cells
59
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body; covered with an acid mantle
intact skin
60
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system; tonsils protect the throat; coughing and sneezing help expel foreign matter
respiratory system
61
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
digestive system
62
specialized white blood cells work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
lymphatic system
63
(immune reaction) involves binding antigens to antibodies
antigen-antibody recation
64
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
tolerance
65
(immunoglobulin) a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
antibody
66
bind with specific antigen in the antigen-antibody reaction; 5 primary types
immunoglobulin
67
(IgG) most abundant class; found in blood serum and lymph; active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles
immunoglobulin G
68
(IgA) produced predominantly against ingested antigens; found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and the function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs
immunoglobulin A
69
(IgM) found in circulating body fluids; the first antibody to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
immunoglobulin M
70
(IgD) found only on the surface of B cell; important in B cell activation
immunoglobulin D
71
(IgE) produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes; responsible for allergic reaction
immunoglobulin E
72
specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
phagocytes
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leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
74
a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells; also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
macrophage
75
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
dendritic cells
76
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form
complement system
77
the state of being resistant to a specific disease; natural or acquired
immunity
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(passive) resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease; present at birth and can be augmented when the breastmilk passes from a nursing mother to her body
natural immunity
79
obtained by having had a contagious disease; being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against a disease without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
acquired immunity
80
a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened
vaccine
81
specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
allergist
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specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
immunologist
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specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
lymphologist
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specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
oncologist
85
(swollen glands) an inflammation of the lymph nodes; frequently an indication of an infection
lymphadenitis
86
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
lymphadenopathy
87
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
lymphangioma
88
a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually a result of a direct blow to the abdomen
ruptured spleen
89
bleeding from the spleen
splenorrhagia
90
an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
91
a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels
lymphoscintigraphy
92
swelling of the tissues due to the abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
lymphedema
93
hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing to the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs; more common in females during puberty
primary lymphedema
94
caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns
secondary lymphedema
95
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema
bioimpedance spectroscopy
96
when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as is it were a dangerous invader
allergic reaction
97
(hypersensitivity) an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
allergy
98
a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
allergen
99
(cellular response) includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
localized allergic reaction
100
(anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock) a severe response to an allergen
system reaction
101
a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens; swelling and itching may indicate an allergic reaction
scratch test
102
blood test used to determine allergens
allergen specific immunoglobulin E
103
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever; prevents the effects of histamines
antihistamines
104
(autoimmune disease) any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens
autoimmune disorders
105
occurs when the immune response is compromised
immunodeficiency disorder
106
weakened or not functioning properly
compromised
107
(SCID) an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result from infections
severe combined immunodeficiency
108
(HIV) a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail
human immunodeficiency virus
109
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in health humans; when a host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause infection
opportunistic infection
110
weakened by another condition
debilitated
111
(AIDS) the most advanced and fatal stage of HIV infection
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
112
opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV; this cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat,; or in other organs
Kaposi's sarcoma
113
(ELISA) blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
114
blood test that produces more accurate results that the ELISA test
western blot test
115
(biological therapy) a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
immunotherapy
116
to cause greater activity
stimulate
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to decrease or stop a normal response (allergy desensitization)
repress
118
(immune serum) used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses
synthetic immunoglobulins
119
the patient has already been exposed to the virus
post-exposure
120
used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
synthetic interferons
121
any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
monoclonal antibodies
122
pertaining to a single clone of cells
monoclonal
123
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
immunosuppression
124
a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response; administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
immunosuppressant
125
a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
corticosteroid drug
126
a medication that kills or damages cells
cytotoxic drug
127
a microorganism that causes a disease in humans
pathogen
128
a living organism that is so small that it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
microorganism
129
capable of producing disease
pathogenic
130
one-celled microscopic organisms
bacteria
131
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
bacilli
132
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus anthrasis
anthrax
133
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites; example: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
rickettsia
134
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
spirochetes
135
transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease
136
a group of about 30 species of bacteria that for irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
staphylococci
137
(staph aureus) a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning
staphylococcus aureus
138
a bacteria that form a chain
streptococci
139
when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
140
(MRSA) one of the several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
141
a simple parasitic organism
fungus
142
(athlete's foot) a fungal infection that develops between the toes
tinea pedis
143
a type of fungus
yeast
144
yeast infection
candidiasis
145
a yeast infection that occurs in the mouth
oral thrush
146
a yeast infection that occurs in the vagina
vaginal candidiasis
147
a plant or animal that lives or or within another organism at the expense of that organism
parasite
148
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitos and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
malaria
149
a parasite that is most commonly transmitted form pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces; pregnant women should avoid
toxoplasmosis
150
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
viruses
151
rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus
Ebola
152
(flu) highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics
influenza
153
an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of rubeola virus
measles
154
severe sensitivity to light
photophobia
155
acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are salivary glands located just in front of the ears; in adults, it can cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles
mumps
156
(German measles or three-day measles) a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash; although not usually severe or long-lasting, it is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in developing fetus
Rubella
157
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination; immunization can prevent these three viral illnesses and should be administered in early childhood
MMR
158
an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans though the bite or saliva of an infected animal
rabies
159
spread to humans by the bite of an infected animal
West Nile virus
160
(CMV) found in most body fluids; silent infection
cytomegalovirus
161
(chickenpox) caused by herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious
varicella
162
(shingles) an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
Herpes zoster
163
a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak; resulting pain can be severe and persistant
postherpetic neuralgia
164
(mono) caused by the Epstein-Barr virus; characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes; may develop swelling of the liver or spleen
infectious mononucleosis
165
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
antibiotics
166
to slow the growth or development
inhibit
167
a substance that causes death of bacteria (penicillin & cephalosporins)
bactericide
168
agent that slows or stops the growth of bacteria (tetracycline, sulfonamide, erythromycin)
bacteriostatic
169
an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi (antimyotic)
antifungal
170
used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
antiviral drug
171
the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer
oncology
172
(neoplasm) an abnormal growth of body tissue
tumor
173
not cancer, not life-threatening
benign
174
a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
myoma
175
a form of cancer, becoming progressively worse or life-threatening
malignant
176
an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
myosarcoma
177
the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
angiogenesis
178
a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor
antiangiogenesis
179
a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues
cancer
180
to spread from one place to another
metastasize
181
describes the process by which cancer has spread to a new site
metastasis
182
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
carcinoma
183
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues
carcinoma in situ
184
means in the place where the cancer first occured
in situ
185
any one of the large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
186
a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues
sarcoma
187
cancer that arises from bone or cartilage
hard-tissue sarcoma
188
usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
osteosarcoma
189
cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue
soft-tissue sarcoma
190
a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows
synovial sarcoma
191
cancer that arises from blood and lymph
liquid tissue sarcoma
192
cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow
leukemia
193
the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis
staging
194
a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues; includes lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow
lymphoma
195
cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin's lymphoma
196
refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
197
carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can be spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
breast cancer
198
grow in response to the hormone estrogen
ER-positive
199
abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers
BRCA1 and BRCA2
200
(DCIS) breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct; cure rate is nearly 100%
ductal carcinoma in situ
201
(IDC) starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct; most common form of breast cancer
infiltrating breast cancer
202
(IBC) a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
inflammatory breast cancer
203
a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer
breast self-examination
204
a test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast
palpation of the breast
205
a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
mammography
206
(MBI) a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particular dense breast tissue
molecular breast imaging
207
often used as an initial follow-up when an abnormality is found by mammography
ultrasound
208
uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk
breast MRI
209
a technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment
needle breast biopsy
210
the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm diagnosis
surgical biopsy
211
a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body
sentinel node biopsy
212
a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area
lymph node dissection
213
sometimes performed as part of the surgical treatment of the breast
axillary lymph node dissection
214
the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
lumpectomy
215
the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple
mastectomy
216
the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
radial mastectomy
217
the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
modified radial mastectomy
218
begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
immediate breast reconstruction
219
may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment
delayed breast reconstruction
220
the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
chemotherapy
221
of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur
chemoprevention
222
a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
antineoplastic
223
to increase rapidly
proliferation
224
the goal of destroying only the cancerous tissues while sparing healthy cells
radiation therapy
225
radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
brachytherapy
226
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
teletherapy
227
the combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated slice by slice
tomotherapy
228
a developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs and other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
targeted therapy
229
sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that cancer will recur
adjuvant therapy
230
refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug
adjuvant
231
involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research
clinical trial
