The Muscular System Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
t
long, slender cells that make up muscles
A
muscle fibers
2
Q
t
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
A
fascia
3
Q
t
means pertaining to the muscle tissue and fascia
A
myofascial
4
Q
t
narrow band of non-elastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
A
tendon
5
Q
t
attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella
A
patellar tendon
6
Q
t
attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone
A
Achilles tendon
7
Q
t
a sheet-like fibrous tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
A
aponeurosis
8
Q
t
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible; voluntary muscles or striated (striped) muscles
A
skeletal muscles
9
Q
t
located in the walls of internal organs; their function it to move/ control the fluids through these structures; involuntary/unstriated/visceral muscles
A
smooth muscles
10
Q
t
form the muscular walls of the heart (myocardium/cardiac muscle); causes the heart to beat
A
myocardial muscles
11
Q
t
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve which enables the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract
A
muscle innervation
12
Q
t
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
A
neuromuscular
13
Q
t
working in opposition to each other
A
antagonistic
14
Q
t
tightening of a muscle
A
contraction
15
Q
t
when a muscle returns to its original form
A
relaxation
16
Q
t
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
A
abduction
17
Q
t
movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
A
adduction
18
Q
t
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb or joint
A
flexion
19
Q
t
increasing the angle between two bones by straightening a limb
A
extension
20
Q
t
extreme or overextension of a body part beyond its normal limit
A
hyperextension
21
Q
t
the act of raising or lifting a body part
A
elevation
22
Q
t
the act of lowering a body part
A
depression
23
Q
t
a circular movement around its axis
A
rotation
24
Q
t
an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body
A
axis
25
# t
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
26
# t
palm up; foot turned forward or upward
supination
27
# t
palm down; foot turned downward or backward
pronation
28
# t
movement that bends foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
29
# t
movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantarflexion
30
# t
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
31
# t
where a muscle begins; less moveable; near midline
origin
32
# t
where the muscle ends; more moveable; farthest from midline
insertion
33
# t
muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head
sternocleidomastoid
34
# t
wrist
carpi
35
# t
chest
pectoral
36
# t
think, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
pectoralis major
37
# t
toward the side
lateralis
38
# t
toward the midline
medialis
39
# t
slanted or at an angle
oblique
40
# t
straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
rectus
41
# t
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sphincter
42
# t
crosswise direction
transverse
43
# t
two divisions
bi-
44
# t
three divisions
tri-
45
# t
head
-ceps
46
# t
large
maximus
47
# t
located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted triangle
deltoid muscle
48
# t
back upper leg; knee flexion and hip extension; biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
hamstrings
49
# t
(occipitofrontalis) muscle in the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrows
frontalis
50
# t
moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
51
# t
one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
masseter
52
# t
muscles found in the abdomen
external oblique and internal oblique
53
# t
muscle that flexes the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominis
54
# t
(core muscle) located on the side of the abdomen
transverse abdominis
55
# t
forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
deltoid
56
# t
moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
57
# t
muscle located in the anterior the upper arm, flexes the elbow
biceps brachii
58
# t
located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
triceps brachii
59
# t
extends the leg at the knee
rectus femoris
60
# t
4 muscles which flex and extend the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris
61
# t
involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstrings
62
# t
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward
gastrocnemius
63
# t
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
64
# t
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
65
# t
(OT) helps to enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
66
# t
a physician who specialized in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
physiatrist
67
# t
restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
rehabilitation
68
# t
(PT) provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
69
# t
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
sports medicine physician
70
# t
inflammation of a fascia
fasciitis
71
# t
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
fibromyalgia
72
# t
a condition that causes weakness
debilitating
73
# t
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
74
# t
inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
tendinitis/tendonitis
75
# t
(CFS) a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems (myalgic encephalomyelitis); characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bedrest
chronic fatigue syndrome
76
# t
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
adhesion
77
# t
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
78
# t
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
79
# t
herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
myocele
80
# t
-cele
hernia
81
# t
the degeneration of muscle tissue
myolysis
82
# t
the rupture or tearing of a muscle
myorrhexis
83
# t
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many body parts
polymyositis
84
# t
a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
rhabdomyolysis
85
# t
striated muscle
rhabdomy/o
86
# t
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
sarcopenia
87
# t
the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
88
# t
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
89
# t
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
90
# t
a condition in which there is diminished tone of skeletal muscles
hypotonia
91
# t
the lack of coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
92
# t
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues
contracture
93
# t
pain in the led muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
intermittent claudication
94
# t
coming and going in intervals
intermittent
95
# t
limping
claudication
96
# t
any sudden, involuntary contracture of one or more muscles
spasm
97
# t
repeated spasm
tic
98
# t
quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle group or muscles
myoclonus
99
# t
violent action
clon
100
# t
(hiccups) myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
singultus
101
# t
painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause (charley horse)
cramp
102
# t
(wryneck) stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
torticollis
103
# t
extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
104
# t
slow
brady-
105
# t
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
106
# t
(hyperactivity) abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia
107
# t
chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Myasthenia gravis
108
# t
describes a group of 30+ genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system
muscular dystrophy
109
# t
(DMD) the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
110
# t
(BMD) very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
111
# t
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
repetitive stress disorder
112
# t
the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to the swelling within the "compartment," an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
compartment syndrome
113
# t
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injury
114
# t
an inflammation of tendons due to excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
115
# t
overuse injusy
stress fracture
116
# t
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
117
# t
tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
trigger points
118
# t
pain the originates in one body part but is felt in another
referred pain
119
# t
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
120
# t
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff (tennis shoulder or pitcher's shoulder)
rotator cuff tendinitis
121
# t
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if overuse continues
ruptured rotator cuff
122
# t
occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel syndrome
123
# t
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
carpal tunnel release
124
# t
harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
Ganglion cyst
125
# t
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
126
# t
"tennis elbow"
lateral epicondylitis
127
# t
"golfer's elbow"
medial epicondylitis
128
# t
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (can cause plantar fasciitis)
heel spur
129
# t
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
plantar fasciitis
130
# t
injury to a ligament
sprain
131
# t
injury to a tendon
strain
132
# t
painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior tearing away from the tibia
shinsplint
133
# t
strain or tear on any of the hamstring muscles
hamstring injury
134
# t
inflammation of the Achilles tendon
Achilles tendinitis
135
# t
overuse injury
iliotibial band syndrome
136
# t
(SCI) determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
spinal cord injury
137
# t
person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function isn't normal
incomplete spinal cord injury
138
# t
complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of injury
complete spinal cord injury
139
# t
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply (can be temporary or permanent)
paralysis
140
# t
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myoparesis
141
# t
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiparesis
142
# t
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body (associated with stroke or brain damage)
hemiplegia
143
# t
paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegia
144
# t
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
145
# t
(DFRs) tested with a reflex hammer
deep tendon reflexes
146
# t
an involuntary response to a stimulus
reflex
147
# t
test to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
range-of-motion testing
148
# t
(EMG) measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation; electromyogram
electromyography
149
# t
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
muscle biopsy
150
# t
(anticholinergic) administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
example: atropine
antispasmodic
151
# t
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by sprains, strains, or other muscle injuries
skeletal muscle relaxant
152
# t
drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
neuromuscular blocker
153
# t
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
154
# t
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
myofascial release
155
# t
high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
156
# t
(TENS) uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which causes changes in muscles
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
157
# t
rest, ice, compression, elevation
R.I.C.E
158
# t
surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fasciotomy
159
# t
surgical repair to the fascia
fascioplasty
160
# t
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenodesis
161
# t
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenolysis
162
# t
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
163
# t
surgical incision into a tendon
tenotomy
164
# t
(PNT) used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy
165
# t
therapy in which some of the patient's blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow during healing
platelet-rich plasma therapy
166
# t
surgical suturing of a muscle
myorrhaphy
167
# t
surgical incision into a muscle
myotomy
168
# t
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
muscles
169
# t
fasci/o
fascia
170
# t
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendons
