The Skeletal System Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o
A
bones
2
Q
myel/o
A
bone marrow
3
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
4
Q
arthr/o
A
joints
5
Q
ligament/o
A
ligament
6
Q
synovi/o, synov/o
A
synovial membrane or fluid
7
Q
burs/o
A
bursa
8
Q
t
process that turns something into bone
A
ossification
9
Q
t
break down bone
A
osteoclasts
10
Q
t
rebuild the bone
A
osteoblasts
11
Q
t
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
A
periosteum
12
Q
t
(cortical bone) dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones; more than 75% of bone matter
A
compact bone
13
Q
t
(cancellous bone) porous, “sponge-like,” bone that is lighter and weaker than compact bone
A
spongy bone
14
Q
t
located within spongy bone; is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
A
red bone marrow
15
Q
t
central cavity located in the shaft of long bones (surrounded by compact bone), where red and yellow marrow is stored
A
medullary cavity
16
Q
t
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
A
endosteum
17
Q
t
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
A
hemopoietic
18
Q
t
fat storage area, located in the medullary cavity
A
yellow bone marrow
19
Q
t
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
A
cartilage
20
Q
t
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints
A
articular cartilage
21
Q
t
curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw
A
meniscus
22
Q
t
shaft of the long bone
A
diaphysis
23
Q
t
wider ends of long bones
A
epiphysis
24
Q
t
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
A
foramen
25
# t
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
26
# t
(articulations) the place of union between two or more bones
joints
27
# t
hold the bones tightly together, called "sutures" in adults, don't allow movements
fibrous joints
28
# t
(soft spots) normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles
29
# t
only allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joint
30
# t
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
pubic symphysis
31
# t
where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joint
32
# t
allow a range of movement in many directions (hips, shoulders)
ball-and-socket joint
33
# t
allow movement primarily in one direction or plane (knees, elbows)
hinge joint
34
# t
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as is surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
35
# t
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
36
# t
acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
synovial fluid
37
# t
connect bone to bone or join bone to cartilage
ligaments
38
# t
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
bursa
39
# t
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems; 80 bones
1. bones of the skull
2. ossicles (bones) of the middle ear
3. hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and thyroid
4. rib cage
5. vertebral column
axial skeleton
40
# t
protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction, 126 bones
1. upper extremities (shoulders, arms, wrists, hands)
2. lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)
appendicular skeleton
41
# t
anything attached to a major part of the body
appendage
42
# t
the terminal end of a body part
extremity
43
# t
8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, 6 bones in the middle ear
skull
44
# t
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
frontal
45
# t
two of the largest bones of the skull, together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
parietal
46
# t
back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
occipital
47
# t
sides and base of the cranium (2)
temporal
48
# t
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
external auditory meatus
49
# t
irregular, wedge-shape bone at the base of the skull; makes contact with all the other cranial bones
sphenoid
50
# t
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and also forms a portion of each orbit
ethmoid
51
# t
three tiny bones in each middle ear; malleus, incus, stapes
auditory ossicles
52
# t
forms upper part of the bridge of the nose (2)
nasal bone
53
# t
(cheekbones) articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead; 2
zygomatic bone
54
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forms upper jaw (2)
maxillary bone
55
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forms the front part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose (2)
palatine bone
56
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makes up part of the orbit at the inner angle (2)
lacrimal bone
57
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thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the inferior of the nose (2)
inferior conchae
58
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forms base of the nasal septum (2)
vomer bone
59
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(jawbone) the only moveable bone of the skull (2)
mandible
60
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(ribcage) bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
61
# t
12 pairs of costals that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
ribs
62
# t
1-7
true ribs
63
# t
8-10
false ribs
64
# t
11-12
floating ribs
65
# t
(breastbone) flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
sternum
66
# t
upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
67
# t
middle portion of the sternum
body (gladiolus)
68
# t
cartilage that forms bottom portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
69
# t
(collar bone) slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula)
clavicle
70
# t
shoulder blade
scapula
71
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extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
72
# t
upper bone of the arm
humerus
73
# t
smaller and shorter forearm bone; thumbside
radius
74
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larger and longer forearm bone; forms elbow joint with humerus
ulna
75
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(funny bone) large projection on the upper end of the ulna
olecranon process
76
# t
bones that form the wrist (8)
carpals
77
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5 bones that form the palms of the hand
metacarpals
78
# t
14 bones of the fingers (and toes)
phalanges
79
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(vertebral column) protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body; 26 vertebrae
spinal column
80
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posterior portion of the vertebra
lamina
81
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the opening in the middle of the vertebra; allows the spinal cord to pass through
vertebral foramen
82
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made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other; act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column
intervertebral disks
83
# t
form the neck; C1 through C7
cervical vertebrae
84
# t
outward curve of the spine, attachment site for ribs; T1 through T12
thoracic vertebrae
85
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form the inward curve of the spine, longest and strongest vertebrae and bear most of the body's weight; L1 through L5
lumbar vertebrae
86
# t
slightly curved, triangular bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
sacrum
87
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(tailbone) forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of 4 small vertebrae fused together
coccyx
88
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(bony pelvis) protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pelvis
89
# t
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
90
# t
the slightly moveable articulation between the sacrum and the posterior portion of the ilium
sacroiliac
91
# t
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
92
# t
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, located just below the urinary bladder
pubis
93
# t
where two bones are closely joined
symphysis
94
# t
the cartilaginous joint that united the left and right pubic bones
pubic symphysis
95
# t
(hip socket) the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum
96
# t
the largest bones of the body
femur
97
# t
(kneecap) bony anterior portion of the knee
patella
98
# t
the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
popliteal
99
# t
(shinbone) larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
100
# t
the smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg
fibula
101
# t
the joint that connects the lower leg and foot
ankles
102
# t
form the ankle (7)
tarsal
103
# t
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of the ankle
malleolus
104
# t
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
105
# t
(heel bone) largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
106
# t
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
rheumatologist
107
# t
the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
ankylosis
108
# t
(frozen shoulder) painful ankylosis of the shoulder, caused by adhesions
adhesive capsulitis
109
# t
stiffness of the joints (especially in elderly)
arthrosclerosis
110
# t
(popliteal cyst) fluid-filled sac behind the knee
Baker's cyst
111
# t
inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
112
# t
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
113
# t
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
costochondritis
114
# t
(bunion) an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hallux valgus
115
# t
blood within a joint
hemarthrosis
116
# t
(PMR) an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
polymyalgia rheumatica
117
# t
a ligament is wrenched or torn
sprain
118
# t
inflammation of the synovial membrane
synovitis
119
# t
(luxation) the total displacement of a bone from its joint
dislocation
120
# t
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
121
# t
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
arthritis
122
# t
(wear-and-tear arthritis) mostly commonly associated with aging, degenerative joint disease
osteoarthritis
123
# t
bone spurs
osteophytes
124
# t
spinal arthritis
spondylosis
125
# t
(gouty arthritis) characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning in the big toe; typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive
gout
126
# t
(RA) a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs are attacked
rheumatoid arthritis
127
# t
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae (spondyloarthropathies)
ankylosing spondylitis
128
# t
(JRA) an autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 or younger
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
129
# t
(slipped/ruptured disk) breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal root nerves
herniated disk
130
# t
(low back pain) pain of the lumbar region of the spine
lumbago
131
# t
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
spondylosthesis
132
# t
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to completely close around the spinal cord to protect it
spinal bifida
133
# t
(humpback or dowager's hump) an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
kyphosis
134
# t
(swayback) an abnormal increase in the forward curvature in the lumbar spine
lordosis
135
# t
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
136
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(osteonecrosis) an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
avascular necrosis
137
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a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
craniostenosis
138
# t
(ostitis) inflammation of a bone
osteitis
139
# t
(adult rickets) abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia
140
# t
inflammation of the bone marrow
osteomyelitis
141
# t
chronic bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone (pelvis, skull, spine, legs) followed by abnormal bone formation
Paget's disease
142
# t
inflammation of the periosteum; associated with shin splints
periostitis
143
# t
deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitimin D
Rickets
144
# t
(dwarfism) a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
short stature
145
# t
(clubfoot) describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
talipes
146
# t
relatively rare malignant tumor that originated in a bone
primary bone cancer
147
# t
tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs
secondary bone cancer
148
# t
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone arrow; often fatal
myeloma
149
# t
a benign projection covered with cartilage (exostosis)
osteochondroma
150
# t
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
osteoporosis
151
# t
thinner-than-average bone density; not yet osteoporosis, but has a greater-than-average change of developing it
osteopenia
152
# t
(vertebral crush fracture) occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
compression fracture
153
# t
(fracture wrist) occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop their fall by landing on their hands
Colles' fracture
154
# t
(broken hip) occurs either spontaneously or as a result of a fall
osteoporotic hip fracture
155
# t
(simple/complete fracture) the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
closed fracture
156
# t
(compound) the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
open fracture
157
# t
bone is splintered or crushed in small pieces
comminuted fracture
158
# t
(incomplete fracture) bone is bent and only partially broken; primarily occurs in children
greenstick fracture
159
# t
occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique fracture
160
# t
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
pathologic fracture
161
# t
when a bone had been twisted apart (severe twisting)
spiral fracture
162
# t
overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
stress fracture
163
# t
occurs straight across the bone
transverse fracture
164
# t
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
fat embolus
165
# t
(crepitus) the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone rub together
crepitation
166
# t
bulging deposit formed around the area of the break
callus
167
# t
(x-ray) use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
radiograph
168
# t
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
arthroscopy
169
# t
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
bone marrow biopsy
170
# t
the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the blood marrow
bone marrow aspiration
171
# t
(MRI) used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
magnetic resonance imagine
172
# t
(BDT) used to determine losses or changes in bone density
bone density testing
173
# t
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause the loss of bone mass
ultrasound bone density testing
174
# t
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual x-ray absorptiometry
175
# t
(BMT) used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow
bone marrow transplant
176
# t
transplant the uses health bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
allogenic transplant
177
# t
transplant in which a patient receives their own bone marrow cells
autologous transplant
178
# t
a mechanical appliance which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
orthotic
179
# t
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part that has been amputated
prosthesis
180
# t
(surgical ankylosis) surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint
arthrodesis
181
# t
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
arthrolysis
182
# t
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
arthroscopic surgery
183
# t
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
chondroplasty
184
# t
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
synovectomy
185
# t
the surgical placement of an artificial joint
arthroplasty
186
# t
(TKR or total knee arthroplasty) all of the parts of the knee are replaced
total knee replacement
187
# t
(PKR) a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
partial knee replacement
188
# t
(THR/ total hip arthroplasty) performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
total hip replacement
189
# t
an alternative to removing the head of the femur
hip resurfacing
190
# t
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
revision surgery
191
# t
performed to treat a herniated disk
percutaneous discectomy
192
# t
performed through the skin
percutaneous
193
# t
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
percutaneous verbroplasty
194
# t
the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
laminectomy
195
# t
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae
spinal fusion
196
# t
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniectomy
197
# t
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
198
# t
surgical repair of the skull
cranioplasty
199
# t
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
osteoclasis
200
# t
to break
-clasis
201
# t
the surgical removal of a bone
ostectomy
202
# t
the surgical suturing, or wiring-together of a bone
osteorrhaphy
203
# t
the surgical cutting of a bone
osteotomy
204
# t
a surgical incision through the pericardium to the bone
periosteotomy
205
# t
(manipulation) the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
closed reduction
206
# t
(stabilization) the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
immobilization
207
# t
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
208
# t
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone to allow healing; usually later get removed
external fixation
209
# t
(open reduction internal fixation/ORIF) a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place; are usually left in
internal fixation
