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MSK > The Leg, Ankle + Foot > Flashcards

The Leg, Ankle + Foot Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Three groups of bones in foot

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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2
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A

Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (medial, intermediate + lateral)

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3
Q

Number of phalanges per toe

A

3 on each digit except 2 on big toe
Proximal, (middle) + distal

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4
Q

Name for ankle joint

A

Talocrural joint

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5
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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6
Q

Movements of ankle

A

Dorisflexion
Plantarfelxion

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7
Q

What is the subtalar joint comprised of?

A

Bottom of talus
Top of calcaneus

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8
Q

Movement of subtalar joint

A

Inversion
Eversion

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9
Q

Toes in dorsifexion

A

Toe extension - point up

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10
Q

Toes in plantarflexion

A

Toe flexion - point toes

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11
Q

Movements of toe and description

A

Toe flexion - point toes
Toe extension - toes up + back
Toe ABduction - apart from midline
Toe ADductoin - together

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12
Q

Blood supply to ankle joint

A

Anterior tibial, posterior tibial + fibular arteries

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13
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Synovial

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14
Q

Where does inversion + eversion of foot occur

A

Subtalar joint MAIN
Calcaneocuboid joint
Talocalcaneonavicular joint

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15
Q

Which muscles cause plantarflexion?

A

Posterior leg
- Soleous
- Plantaris
- Gastrocnemius
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- Tibialis posterior
.
Planterflxion Posterior

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16
Q

Which muscles cause dorsiflexion?

A

Anterior leg
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus

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17
Q

Medial malleolus location

A

Bony prominence at inferior end of tibia

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18
Q

Lateral malleolus location

A

Bony prominence at inferior end of fibula

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19
Q

Which ligament originates form the medial malleolus

A

Deltoid ligament

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20
Q

Functional significance of inversion and eversion

A

To allow walking on uneven surfaces

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21
Q

Which ligaments originate from the lateral malleolus?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament at tip of LM

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22
Q

List the lateral ligaments of the ankle

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament

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23
Q

Function of lateral ligament of ankle

A

Resist over inversion of foot

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24
Q

Name of the medial ligament of the ankle

A

Deltoid ligament

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25
Function of the medial/deltoid ligament of ankle
Resists over eversion of foot
26
Attachments of anterior talofibular ligament
Between lateral malleolus and neck of talus
27
Attachments of posterior talofibular ligament
Between malleolus fossa and lateral tubercle of talus
28
What is the malleolus?
Bony prominence on each side of ankle
29
Attachments of calcaneofibular ligament
Between tip of lateral malleolus and lateral surface of calcaneus
30
Attachments of deltoid ligament
Fans out from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus + navicular
31
Which muscles cause eversion of knee?
**Peroneus muscles** Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius p**e**ron**e**us **e**v**e**rsion
32
Which muscles cause inversion of ankle?
**Tibialis muscles** Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior t**i**b**i**al**i**s - **i**nvers**i**on + flexor hallucis longus + flexor digitorum longus
33
List the arches of the foot
Anterior transverse arch Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch
34
Explain the transverse arch being a half/full arch
Half arch in one foot Full arch when both feet are together
35
What maintains the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
- Shape of interlocking bones - Ligament of foot - Intrinsic foot muscles - Pull of long tendons of extrinsic muscles (anterior, lateral + posterior compartments of leg)
36
What is the medial longitudinal arch formed by?
Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuneiforms Medial three metatarsals ALL tarsals but cuboid
37
What helps to maintain integrity of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis Spring ligament Tibialis anterior Peroneus longus tendons
38
What is the spring ligament?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament binding to the calcaneus + navicular
39
Which muscles support the medial longitudinal arch?
Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Peroneus longus
40
What is the lateral longitudinal arch formed by?
Calcaneus Cuboid Two lateral metatarsals
41
What helps support the the lateral longitudinal arch?
Contraction of Peroneus brevis
42
Name of muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius
43
Action of the anterior leg
Dorsiflexion
44
Actions of the extensor digitorum longus + extensor hallucis longus
Dorsiflexion Digirotum - extends 4 digits Hallucis - extends great toe
45
Innervation of anterior leg muscles
Deep peroneal nerve L4-S2
46
Blood supply to anterior leg muscles
Anterior tibial artery
47
Order of anterior leg muscles lateral to medial
**Lateral** (Peroneus tertius) Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior **Medial** **THuD**
48
Order of anterior leg muscles superficial to deep
**Most superficial** Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus **Most deep**
49
Name the lateral muscles of the leg
Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis
50
Action of lateral leg muscles
Eversion p**e**ron**e**us **e**v**e**rsion
51
Innervation of the lateral leg muscles
Superior peroneal nerve L4-S1 **pernoeal** - **peroneus**
52
Function of lateral leg muscles
Eversion Prevent excessive inversion Stabilise medial margin of foot
53
Describe the Peroneus longus in comparison to brevis
Larger + more superficial than brevis
54
What separates the superficial + deep posterior leg muscle compartment?
Fascia
55
Action of posterior leg muscles
Plantarflexion (except popliteus)
56
Innervation of posterior leg muscles
Tibial nerve L4-S3
57
Insertion of superior posterior leg muscles
Calcaneus tuberosity
58
What is the Achille’s tendon also called?
Calcaneus tendon
59
What is the calcaneus tendon also called?
Achille’s tendon
60
What muscle is not in all people?
Plantaris
61
List the superior posterior leg muscles from superficial to deep
**Most superficial** Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus **Deepest**
62
Name the deep posterior leg muscles
Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus
63
What muscles of the deep posterior leg compartment act on the knee + ankle?
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
64
What muscles of the deep posterior leg compartment act on the knee only?
Popliteus
65
Popliteus action
Lateral rotation of femur on the tibia ‘Unlocking’ the knee joint for flexion
66
List the deep posterior leg muscles from superficial to deep
**Most superficial** (closest to heel) Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior **Most deep**
67
Action of the flexor digitorum longus + flexor hallucis longus
Plantarflexion Inversion Digitorum - flexes 4 digits Hallucis - flexes big toe
68
What is the popliteal fossa?
A diamond shaped depression on the posterior aspect of the knee
69
Borders of the popliteal fossa
**Supermedial border** - semimembranosus **Superolateral border** - bicep femoris **Inferomedial border** - medial head of gastrocnemius **Inferolateral border** - lateral head of gastrocnemius + Plantaris
70
What makes up the popliteal fossa floor?
Popliteal surface of femur Posterior surface of knee joint capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Popliteus muscle
71
What makes up the popliteal fossa roof?
Popliteal fascia Skin
72
What passes through the popliteal fossa?
- **Popliteal artery + vein** - Short saphenous vein - **Tibial nerve** + sural cutaneous branch - **Common peroneal/fibular nerve** + lateral sural cutaneous branch - Popliteal lymph nodes
73
Superficial to deep arrangement of popliteal fossa
**Most superficial** Tibial nerve Popliteal vein Popliteal artery **Most deep** Popliteal pulse is hard to palpate because artery is deepest structure
74
List the pulses of the lower limbs
Femoral Popliteal artery Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial
75
What is the hardest pulse to palpate in the lower limb? What can you do to make it easier to feel?
Popliteal artery Ask patient to flex knee > relaxes the fascia roof
76
Where should you palpate the femoral pulse?
As it enters the femoral triangle Midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis **MIPA** - midinguinal point = artery
77
Where should you palpate the popliteal artery pulse?
Deep in popliteal fossa Behind knee
78
Where should you palpate the Dorsalis pedis pulse?
- Dorsum of foot - Immediately lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
79
Where should you palpate the posterior tibial pulse?
In tarsal tunnel Inferior + posterior to medial malleolus
80
What does the popliteal artery split into in the popliteal fossa?
**Genicular arteries** Superior medial genicular arteries Superior lateral genicular arteries Inferior medial genicular arteries Inferior lateral genicular arteries
81
Where does the popliteal artery terminate?
At the inferior border of the popliteus muscle
82
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
Anterior tibial artery Tiboperoneal trunk
83
What does the tiboperoneal trunk divide into?
Posterior tibial artery Peroneal artery
84
How does the anterior tibial artery get from the posterior leg to the anterior leg?
Passes between the tibia and fibula Through a gap on the interosseous membrane
85
Where does the anterior tibial artery become the Dorsalis pedis artery?
As it passes under the extensor reticulum into the dorsum of the foot
86
Which muscle compartment does the anterior tibial artery supply?
Anterior compartment
87
Blood supply to lateral leg muscles
Peroneal artery **pernoeal** - **peroneus**
88
Where does the peroneal artery terminate?
The ankle
89
Blood supply to foot
Dorsalis pedis Posterior tibial artery
90
What does the posterior tibial artery divide into and where?
- Medial + lateral plantar arteries - In the **sole of foot** after passing through the tarsal tunnel
91
What does the peroneal artery supply?
Lateral compartment of leg **pernoeal** - **peroneus**
92
Mnemonic for structure behind the medial malleolus
**T**om, **D**ick **A**nd **V**ery **N**ervous **H**arry
93
What does ‘Tom, Dick and very nervous Harry’ stand for?
**Structures behind medial malleolus** **T**ibialis posterior tendon Flexor **D**igitorum longus tendon Posterior tibial **A**rtery Posterior tibial **V**ein Tibial **N**erve Flexor **H**allucis longus
94
List the structures behind the medial malleolus
**T**om, **D**ick **A**nd **V**ery **N**ervous **H**arry **T**ibialis posterior tendon Flexor **D**igitorum longus tendon Posterior tibial **A**rtery Posterior tibial **V**ein Tibial **N**erve Flexor **H**allucis longus tendon
95
Where are the veins of the leg located?
Beneath the deep fascia of the lower limbs
96
What is the main venous structure of the foot?
Dorsal venous arch
97
Venous drainage of the anterior compartment of the leg
Venae comitantes of anterior tibial artery (Anterior tibial vein)
98
Venous drainage of the posterior compartment
Plantar venous arch > medial + lateral plantar veins > venae comitantes of posterior tibial artery (posterior tibial vein)

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