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The respiratory system Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

gaseous exchange between the air and blood

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2
Q

What is internal or tissue respiration?

A

gaseous exchange between blood and the tissues

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3
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place?

A

the pulmonary membrane within the alveoli

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4
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the inspired air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the expired air

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5
Q

where does carbon dioxide come from?

A

formed by the tissues during metabolism

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6
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and bronchioles 
Alveoli
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7
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose
pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

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8
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

Alveoli

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9
Q

What is the epidermis at the entrance to the nasal cavity called?

A

The rhinarium

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10
Q

What tissue is the Rhinarium made of?

A

A thick layer of stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the turbinates or conchae?

A

scrolls of bone

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12
Q

What is the name of the rostral part of the turbinates that is visible through the nostril?

A

the alar fold

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13
Q

What is the term for bleeding from the nose?

A

Epistaxis

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14
Q

What is Epistaxis?

A

Haemorrhage originating from the nose

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15
Q

What is the term for the sensory nerve endings that are responsible for smell?

A

The olfactory region

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16
Q

What is the olfactory region?

A

the mucous epithelium covering the turbinates at the back of the nasal chambers that has a right supply of nerve endings that are responsive to smell

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17
Q

What is the function of the turbinates and their ciliated mucous epithelium covering?

A

to warm and moisten the incoming air as it passes over them.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cilia on the turbinates?

A

to help to trap any particles that are present in inspired air and waft them back the the nasal cavity

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19
Q

What is a sinus?

A

an air filled cavity within a bone

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20
Q

What is the name for the sinuses in the respiratory system?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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21
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses situated?

A

within the facial bones of the skull

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22
Q

Where does the frontal sinus lie?

A

within the frontal bone

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23
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus lie?

A

the caudal end of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What if the maxillary sinus?

A

not a true sinus but a recess in the nasal cavity

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25
what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
the lighten the weight of the skull, allowing the areas of the skull used for muscle attachment to be larger.
26
Total Lung Capacity
The total volume of air in the lungs
27
Tidal volume
The volume of air breathed in or out in one normal breath
28
Functional residual volume
The volume of air left in the lungs after one normal breath
29
Vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs
30
Residual volume
The volume of air left in the lungs after forces air expiration
31
Anatomical dead space
The volume of air which does not reach the alveoli (this is equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles)
32
Respiratory minute volume
The volume of gas inhaled or exhale from the lungs per minute.
33
Hering–Breuer reflex
A reflex triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lung (Pulmonary stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations).
34
Respiratory cycle
The events that occur to drive air flow into the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts to expand the thoracic cage and decrease the pressure inside of the chest. The events that occur during one breath; inhalation and exhalation.
35
What is Diffusion?
molecules moving from an area of high concentration (of that molecule) to an area of low concentration.
36
How thick are the walls of the alveolar?
one cell thick
37
What is the approximate oxygen content of air inhaled?
21%
38
What is the approximate carbon dioxide consent of air inhaled?
0.04%
39
What is the approximate oxygen content of air exhaled?
17%
40
What is the approximate carbon dioxide contend of air exhaled?
3%
41
What is the central plate of the nasal cavity known as?
Philtrum
42
What separates the nasal cavity?
Septum
43
what is the septum made of?
Cartilage
44
What organ is responsible for the detection of pheromones?
Vomeronasal Organ
45
What is the Vomeronasal Organ?
The organ responsible for the detection of pheromones
46
What are the ethmoidal conchae?
folds of bone that remove dust and pathogens from air inhaled and warm and moisten it
47
What is the nasopharynx connected to?
the caudal nasal cavity
48
What is the oropharynx connected to?
the caudal oral cavity
49
Thyroid
largest cartilage and forms the floor of the larynx
50
Arytenoid
forms the inside of the larynx and supports the vocal cords.
51
Cricoid
ring like structure which articulates with the thyroid cartilage and the trachea.
52
What is the Larynx?
a box like structure made of cartilage and consists of the epiglottis which is attaches the to tongue and thyroid gland
53
What is the epiglottis attached to?
the tongue and thyroid cartilage
54
What is the function of the larynx?
to prevent deglutination (swallowing), vocalisation and regulate floe of gasses into the respiratory tract
55
What is the function of the trachea?
to allow airflow from the larynx to the lungs
56
What does the trachea consist of?
c-shaped cartilage connected by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle lines with ciliated epithelium
57
What is the trachea lined with?
ciliated epithelium
58
Where does the trachea pass into the thorax?
the thoracic inlet
59
What is the name of the branches that the trachea spits into?
Bronchi
60
at what point does the trachea branch into the bronchi?
at the level of the heart
61
What happens to the C-shaped rings as they trachea branches into the bronchi?
they form complete rings
62
What does the bronchi divide into?
Bronchioles
63
what do the Bronchioles end in?
the alveolar ducts
64
Where do the lungs lie?
in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum
65
What are the lungs covered with?
Pulmonary pleura
66
What is parenchyma?
Connective tissues in the lungs
67
What do the lungs consist of?
``` bronchi bronchioles alveoli blood vessels parenchyma (connective tissue) ```
68
What does the left lung consist of?
cranial, middle and caudal lobe
69
What does the right lung consist of?
cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes
70
What is the guttural pouch
They are sacs of air that expand from the Eustachian tube in the horse
71
What is the Eustachian tube?
a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear
72
What does the Rima glottides do in the horse?
prevents materials being inhaled
73
What are the lungs in the avian respiratory system protected by?
the notarium
74
What do birds have instead of a diaphragm?
9 air sacs
75
What is a birds body cavity referred to as?
the coelom
76
What is the Syrinx?
voice box of a bird
77
What is the term for a birds voice box?
Syrinx
78
Where is the syrinx located?
caudal side of the trachea

Anatomy and physiology (29 decks)

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